Alska: Difference between revisions

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Alska (view source)

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Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"
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|u
|u
|[u]
|[u]
|
|often realized as [ʉ] by many speakers
|-
|-
|v
|v
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|
|
|
|
|ŋ (ŋk)
|ŋ (ŋg)
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|s
|s
|ɕ
|ɕ tɕ
|(ç)
|(ç)
|
|
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*(sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
*(sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
*(tj) represents [tɕ]
*(ng) represents [ŋ], which occurs mostly as a word-final sound. Some speakers tend to realize (ng) as [ŋg] in its word final position, and [ŋ] elsewhere. 
I.e: (betydning - meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋg] - (betydningen - the meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋ.en]


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|}
|}


The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do distinguish gender, only plurality.
The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do not distinguish gender, only plurality.


Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.  
Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.  
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|smukke jintar
|smukke jintar
|dan smukka jinte
|dan smukka jinte
|smukke jintana / de smukka jintar
|smukke jintana / de smukke jintar
|-
|-
|a pretty girl
|a pretty girl
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====Comparative====
====Comparative====


The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding (-ere)/(-ara) to the adjective.  The word 'en' precedes the noun being compared.  The adjective is inflected for the gender of the first noun being compared.   
The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding (-er)/(-ara) to the adjective.  The word 'enn' precedes the noun being compared.  The adjective is inflected for the gender of the first noun being compared.  One may also use the construction ''X er mer ___ enn Y''.  In this case, the adjective does not inflect for gender.   


For example:
For example:


*''den man er strungere en danne jinte'' -  ''the man is stronger than that girl.   
*''den man er stérker enn danne jinte'' -  the man is stronger than that girl.   
*''danne jinte er mer stérk enn denne man.'' - that girl is stronger than that man.


If something is being compared on the same level, (så) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. Additionally, the noun is not inflected, as the two nouns being compared are of equal status.


*''danne jinte er så strung som danne jinte'' - that girl is (just) as strong as that girl.
If something is being compared on the same level, (så) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. Additionally, the adjective is not inflected, as the two nouns being compared are of equal status.  It is also acceptable to say ''X er ____ som Y''.  Once again, in this construction, the adjective does not inflect, although this implies a slight difference: using this construction means that ''X'' has an attribute like ''Y'', but does not necessarily imply that the two are on the same level exactly. 
 
*''danne jinte er så stérk som danne jinte'' - that girl is (just) as strong as that girl.
*''det hus er pént som det hus (derover)'' - the house is pretty like that house (over there).
 


If something is being compared as less than another noun, (mintre)/(mintra) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after.  The adjective is inflected normally for the gender of the first noun. (This can also be acheived by saying ''X er ikke så ____ som Y'')
If something is being compared as less than another noun, (mintre)/(mintra) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after.  The adjective is inflected normally for the gender of the first noun. (This can also be acheived by saying ''X er ikke så ____ som Y'')


*''det hus er mintre smukt en dette hus'' - The house is less beautiful than that house.
*''det hus er mintre smukt enn dette hus'' - the house is less beautiful than that house.
*''den man er ikke så store som denne man'' - the man is not so large as that man.


====Irregular Adjectives====
====Irregular Adjectives====
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Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   
Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   


*<i>Det hus er godt</i> - The house is good
*<i>det hus er godt</i> - the house is good
*<i>Det hus er bettre</i> - The house is better
*<i>det hus er bettre</i> - the house is better
*<i>Dette hus er betre ennd det hus</i> - This house is better than that house
*''det hus er (det) beste - the house is (the) best
*<i>dette hus er bettre en det hus</i> - this house is better than that house


====Superlative====
====Superlative====
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!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!strung
!stérk
|strungere
|stérkere
|strungest
|stérkest
|strong
|strong
!godt
!god
|betre
|bettre
|best
|beste
|good
|good
|-
|-
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|langest
|langest
|long, tall
|long, tall
!hog
!makket
|højer
|mere
|højest
|mest
|high
|much
|-
|-
!ung
!ung
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|young
|young
!gamell
!gamell
|elt
|eltre
|eltest
|eltest
|old
|old
|-
|-
!kald
!kold
|kaldere
|koldere
|kaldest
|koldest
|cold
|cold
!lille
!lille
|smål
|småler
|smålest
|smålest
|little, small
|little, small
|-
|-
|}
|}
*(smål) by itself is the plural version of (lille)


===Numbers===
===Numbers===
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
|-
!0
|0
|null
|null
| -
|
!1
|-
|1
|en
|en
|vørste
|vørste
|-
|-
!2
|2
|tø
|to
|sekunde
|annen
!3
|-
|3
|tre
|tre
|trede
|trede
|-
|-
!4
|4
|fjyr
|fjir
|fjyrede
|fjerde
!5
|-
|5
|fimm
|fimm
|fimmede
|fimmte
|-
|-
!6
|6
|sex
|sex
|sexede
|sjett
!7
|sjø
|sjøede
|-
|-
!8
|7
|atte
|syv
|attede
|syvente
!9
|nan
|nanede
|-
|-
!10
|8
|tan
|åtte
|tanede
|åttente
!11
|-
|9
|ni
|niente
|-
|10
|ti
|tiente
|-
|11
|ellfu
|ellfu
|ellfede
|ellfte
|-
|-
!12
|12
|tolfu
|tolfu
|tolfede
|tolfte
!13
|tretan
|tretanede
|-
|-
!14
|13
|fjyrtan
|treten
|fjyrtanede
|tretante
!15
|fimmtan
|fimmtanede
|-
|-
!16
|14
|sextan
|fjirten
|sextanede
|fjyrtente
!17
|sjøtan
|sjøtanede
|-
|-
!18
|15
|attjan
|fimmten
|attjanede
|fimmtente
!19
|nantan
|nantanede
|-
|-
!20
|16
|Tjoi
|sejksten
|Tjoede
|sejkstente
!21
|Tjoen
|Tejoenede
|-
|-
!22
|17
|Tjoitø
|sytten
|Tjoitøede
|syttente
!30
|-
|18
|atten
|attente
|-
|19
|nitten
|nittente
|-
|20
|tjyve
|tjyvente
|-
|21
|tjyveen
|tjyveente
|-
|22
|tjyveto
|tjyvetoente
|-
|30
|treti
|treti
|tretede
|tretiente
|-
|-
!31
|31
|treen (tre-en)
|tretien
|treenede
|tretiente
!40
|-
|40
|fjyrti
|fjyrti
|fjyrtide
|fjyrtiente
|-
|-
!50
|50
|fimmti
|fimmti
|fimmtide
|fimmtiente
!60
|-
|60
|sexti
|sexti
|sextide
|sextiente
|-
|-
!70
|70
|sjøti
|syvti
|sjøtide
|syvtiente
!80
|-
|80
|jåtti
|jåtti
|jåttit
|jåttiente
|-
|-
!90
|90
|nanti
|niti
|nantide
|nitiente
!100
|-
|100
|hundre
|hundre
|hundrede
|hundrete
|}
|}


Note that in some numbers, certain letters are omitted, such as the 'i' in 'tjoen'.
Forming numbers higher than 19 works on the same principles as English, except the hyphen is not used to seperate the numbers:  (Tjyve) and (En) combined make (Tjyveen) - (Twenty-one).  Numbers with hundreds and thousands work the same way.


Ordinal numbers are created by adding '-ede' onto the end.  In some cases, just'-de' is added. 
Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing either (-ente) or (-te) to the number in question, except for the numbers 1 to 4, which are irregular in their ordinal versions.
 
Counting is relatively simple in Alska.  To make two digit numbers, one simply puts two numbers together.  Numbers after one hundred work in the same way:
 
*<i>tjoi</i> + <i>en</i> = <i>tjoen</i> - twenty-one
*<i>hundre</i> + <i>fimmti</i> - one hundred-fifty
 
The word for thousand is '<i>tusennd</i>; it's ordinal form is '<i>tusennede</i>'. Million is '<i>milliard</i>'/'<i>milliarde</i>'


===Interrogatives===
===Interrogatives===


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Interrogatives'''
! colspan="11"|Interrogatives
|-
!'''English'''
!'''Alska'''
!'''Alska'''
|-
|-
!Who
|who
|hvemm
|vem
|-
|what
|vad
|-
|-
!What
|where
|hvad
|vor
|-
|-
!Where
|why
|hver
|vorfor
|-
|-
!Why
|how
|hvørfer
|vorden
|-
|-
!How
|when
|hvorden
|vornår
|-
|-
!When
|which
|nør
|vilke / vilka / vilket
|}
|}
*vornår is the interrogative version of ''når'', which is used for other time-statements.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===


Adverbs are never declined or inflected, can be placed before or after the verb.
Adverbs are not distinguished from adjectives, and are not inflected.  They can be placed before or after a verb, although they are generally placed after.


*<i>Jeg vil lufe i dag</i> - I want to run <b>today</b>
Examples:


Here, today is being used adverbially because it shows when I want to run. The reason 'vil' is not conjugated is because it is a modal verb, which do not receive the '-r' suffix.  'lufe' is still in the infinitive because any verb after a modal verb must stay that way.
*''han kan løpe'' - he can run
*''han kan løpe hurtig'' - he can run quickly (lit. he runs fast)
*''han løper god'' - he runs well (lit. he runs good)
*''han kan god løbe'' - he is up for running / he would like to run (right now)
 
When using the adjective (god) as an adverb, it is important to recognize the difference between placing (god) before or after the verb.  When placed after the verb, it indicates that the subject does the verb ''well''.  However, when placed before the verb, it changes the meaning of the entire sentence.  (god) now indicates that the subject would like to perform the verb, or is receptive to the idea of doing the verb's action.  See the last example above for clarification.
 
(god) may still be used before the verb, but it must be used in a different construction where the main verb becomes a sort of infinitive gerund and (er) becomes the main verb in the sentence.  This form is often used in the vernacular over example 3 above:
 
*''han er god til at løpe'' - he is good at running (lit. he is good at to run)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.
The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]


==Examples==
==Examples==
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! English !! Alska
! English !! Alska
|-
|-
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Vår féðer i himmell,
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Vår Féðer i himmell,
|-
|-
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helige er din Nán.  
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helige er din Nán.  
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|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men fremlév oss fra onda.
|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men fremlév oss fra onda.
|}
|}
Notes:
*while (féðer) is the 'proper' word for (father), it is usually replaced by (far) in common speech.
*(nán) is pronounced exactly the sae as Danish (navn), but may be confusing to some because of its drastically changed orthography)
*(will) is the noun version of (vil) - (to want, will), and borrows it's orthography from English to prevent confusion.


===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
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[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]]
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