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{{Featured
|featured banner=Etu ethnema ta etu anzan uʾummen. Maye ta goyotita, ta ethahama, veta vemaguma, uʾunme mumnayyir.}}
{{movedon}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Ta Athnai.png
|image = Ta Athnai.png
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Attian
|name = Attian
|nativename = Ta Athnai
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Attian
|pronunciation = /ta aθ'nai̩/
|nativename = Athnai
|creator = User:Waahlis
|pronunciation = aθ'nai̩
|region = [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]
|region = [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]
|states = [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
|states = [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
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|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Language isolate
|familycolor = Language isolate
|fam1 = [[Attamian languages|Attamian]]
|fam1 = Attamian
|fam2 = [[Attamian languages#Attno-Damian languages|Attno-Damian]]
|fam2 = Attno-Damian
|fam3 = [[Attamian languages#Attnic languages|Attic]]
|fam3 = Attic
|fam4 = [[Attian|Attian]]
|ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]]
|ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]]
|dia1 = Standard Attian
|dia1 = Standard Attian
|dia2 = Hayani
|dia2 = Hayani
|dia3 = Shemgani
|dia3 = Vittori
|map = Agartha.jpg
|map = Agartha.jpg
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]].
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]].
|iso1 = at
|script = [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|iso2 = att
|agency = Academia ta Athnai  
|iso3 = att
| clcr = qat
|script       = [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency       = Academia ta Athnai  
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''טַ אתנַי''', Latin: '''Ta Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/ta aθ'nai̩/]]) is a constructed, a priori and naturalistic language in the [[Attamian languages|Attamian family]] of languages, descended from the hypothetical [[Proto-Attamian]] language. It has no other purpose than to be an excellent display of my personal debauchery and pleasures.
'''Attian''' (''Attian Hevriti'': '''אתנְי''', ''Latin'': '''Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθ'nai̩/]]) is a constructed, a priori and naturalistic language in the Attamian family of languages, descended from the hypothetical Proto-Attamian language. It has no other purpose than to be an excellent display of my personal debauchery and pleasures.


The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office.
The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office.
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Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a  thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words.  
Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a  thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words.  


'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''טַ אתנַי''', Latin: '''Ta Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθˈnai̩/]]) is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''אתנְי''', Latin: '''Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθˈnai̩/]]) is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.


The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', '''חגרַוַ טַ חַיַזטַנ''') a Greek transcript of the languages in an around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:
The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', '''חגרְוְ טְ חְיְזטְן''') a Greek transcript of the languages in an around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:


:''I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The '''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]''', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. Then there are the '''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]''', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. Then there are the '''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]''', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Attian|Attnicoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]''
 
:::::<br/> -Antenor Erevanon, 9<sup>th</sup> century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler
{{quote
|text=I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The '''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]''', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. [...] <!-- Then there are the '''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]''', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. --> Then there are the '''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]''', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Attian|Attnicoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]''
|sign=-Antenor Erevanon, 9<sup>th</sup> century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler
|source=Hayastani documents
}}


The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighboring languages, such as Armenian, Georgian and enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers threaten the language by the inclusion of loanwords, but the greatest threat is from the universal English language, as more and more Attians acquire internet and television, featuring the language.
The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighboring languages, such as Armenian, Georgian and enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers threaten the language by the inclusion of loanwords, but the greatest threat is from the universal English language, as more and more Attians acquire internet and television, featuring the language.
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{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian'''
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Nasals
! colspan="2"|Nasals
| colspan="2"|'''n '''[n]
| colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|'''m''' [ŋ]
|'''m''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Plosive
! rowspan="2"|Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''c''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''g''' /k-ɡ/
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''[d]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''/d/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''g''' [ɡ]
|-
! rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' /θ/
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''z''' /s-z/
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''j''' /ç-ʝ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h-ɦ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiced</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''dh''' /ð/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''sh''' [ç]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' /j/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' /w-ɰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [r̥]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' /r̥/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
{{Col-2}}
*The labio-velar approximant /w/, is pronounced /ɰ/ when intervocalic.
*The vowels ‹a›, ‹e› and ‹o› are paired up with a rounded vowel. The rounded vowel occurs after some of the phonemes /m/ and /ɡ/.
{{Col-n|2}}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;"
|+  '''Vowel phonemes in Attian'''
|+  '''Vowel phonemes in Attian'''
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|-align=center
|-align=center
! Near-close
! Near-close
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''ō''' /oː/
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''o''' /o/
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Close-Mid
! Close-Mid
|'''ā''' /ø/||  ||
|'''a''' /ø/||  ||
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Mid
! Mid
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|-align=center
|-align=center
! Open-Mid
! Open-Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''ē''' /œ/||  ||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''e''' /œ/||  ||
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Near-Open
! Near-Open
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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.
====Voicing====
The phonemes /s/, /ç/, /k/, /r̥/ and /h/ are all voiced when following a voiced consonant, preceeding /w/, or when in intervocalic position.
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, /k/ and /ɡ/.
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, and /ɡ/.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.


Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ plus /w/ gives the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.
Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ + /w/ grants the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
|'''u{{blue|gg}}ā'''
|'''u{{blue|gg}}a'''


!
!
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!
!


|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}ā'''
|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}a'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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!
!


|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈɡi{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø]
|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈki{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø]
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
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====Aspiration====
====Aspiration====


The 4 plosives, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are aspirated into /tʰ/, /dʰ/, /kʰ/ and /ɡʰ/ intervocalic positions. {{Sidebar-At}}
The two plosives /t/ and /d/ are aspirated into /tʰ/ and /dʰ/ intervocalic positions. {{Sidebar-At}}
Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.
Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.


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!
!


|'''egta'''
|'''ye{{blue|t}}ai'''
 
!
 
|'''ye{{blue|c}}ai'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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!
!


|/ɛɡta/ → /ɛɡta/
|/ˈjɛtai̩/ → [ˈjɛ{{blue|tʰ}}ai̩]
 
!
 
|/ˈjɛkai̩/ → [ˈjɛ{{blue|kʰ}}ai̩]
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
| ''meal''
| ''meal''
!
| ''door''


!
!
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====Other====
====Other====
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /r̥/, which is somewhat irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced voicedly.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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{{Vowels-At}}
{{Vowels-At}}
====Vowel reduction====
There is a slight reduction of /u/ and /ɛ/ in open coda to /ʊ/ and /ə/ respectively.
=====Diphthongs=====
=====Diphthongs=====
There are 12 phonemic diphthongs in the Attian language. They non-syllabic elements [i̯] and [u̯] are heavily allophonic with /j/ and /w/ respectively, and most often simplified as such.
There is an amount of phonemic diphthongs in the Attian language. They non-syllabic elements [i̯] and [u̯] are heavily allophonic with /j/ and /w/ respectively, and most often simplified as such.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|+
|+
! colspan="6"|Rising
! colspan="4"|Rising
! colspan="6"|Falling
! colspan="4"|Falling
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|ya
! colspan="2"|ya
| colspan="2"|[ɪ̯a]
| colspan="2"|[ja]
! colspan="2"|ay
! colspan="2"|ay
| colspan="2"|[aɪ̯]
| colspan="2"|[aj]
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|ye
! colspan="2"|ye
| colspan="2"|[ɪ̯ɛ]
| colspan="2"|[jɛ]
! colspan="2"|ey
! colspan="2"|ey
| colspan="2"|[ɛɪ̯]
| colspan="2"|[ɛj]
|-
! colspan="2"|yi
| colspan="2"|[ji]
! colspan="2"|iy
| colspan="2"|[ij]
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| yo
! colspan="2"| yo
| colspan="2"| [ɪ̯o]
| colspan="2"| [jo]
! colspan="2"|oy
! colspan="2"|oy
| colspan="2"|[oɪ̯]
| colspan="2"|[oj]
|-
! colspan="2"| yu
| colspan="2"| [ju]
! colspan="2"|uy
| colspan="2"|[uj]
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| va
! colspan="2"| va
| colspan="2"| [u̯a]
| colspan="2"| [wa]
! colspan="2"|av
! colspan="2"|av
| colspan="2"|[au̯]
| colspan="2"|[aw]
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| ve
| colspan="2"| [u̯ɛ]
! colspan="2"|ev
! colspan="2"|ev
| colspan="2"|[ɛu̯]
| colspan="2"| [wɛ]
! colspan="2"|ev
| colspan="2"|[ɛw]
|-
! colspan="2"|vi
| colspan="2"|[wi]
! colspan="2"|iv
| colspan="2"|[iw]
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| vo
! colspan="2"| vo
| colspan="2"| [u̯o]
| colspan="2"| [wo]
! colspan="2"|ov
! colspan="2"|ov
| colspan="2"|[ou̯]
| colspan="2"|[ow]
|-
! colspan="2"| vu
| colspan="2"| [wu]
! colspan="2"|uv
| colspan="2"|[uw]
|}
|}


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===Combinatorics===
===Combinatorics===
{{improvesection}}
====Syllable codas====
====Syllable codas====
These are the syllables allowed in coda position in both syllable and lexeme.
These are the syllables allowed in coda position in both syllable and lexeme.
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==Suprasegmentals==
==Suprasegmentals==
{{Improvesection}}
===Stress===
===Stress===
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], it's completely regular, however '''moraic'''. This means that the heaviest syllables are stressed, and the if the lexeme contains several equivalent syllables, the one second is emphasised.
{{quote
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected.
|text='''Ata migu. A, eironia.'''
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 92
|about= '''One and two - oh, the irony''' is an Attian joke pronounced /atˈaˈŋiɡʊ <nowiki>|</nowiki>ɛ.ir.on.ˈi̩a/, by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The joke illustrates how the stress in Attian always falls on the first or second syllable. However, in the words ''ata'', "first", and ''migu'', "and two", the stress ironically falls on the second and first syllables respectively. Even more ironic is the fact that the Greek loan word ''ironia'', "irony", is not stressed according to Attian rules.
}}


The morae of Attian are determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora:
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], Attian possesses a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]] which similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] follows a [[w:dreimorengesetz|dreimorengesetz]], three-morae-rule, which in this case dictates that '''the third mora is always stressed'''.  
*The existence of a syllable coda is self-written only in native words.
*A long vowel or diphthong.
*The existence of a syllable onset.


The Attian phonotactics dictate that a syllable, and thus also a lexeme, may be realised minimally as VC, hence always receiving a syllable coda.
The Attian phonotactics establish the following syllable structure:
The existence of a syllable onset substitutes over one mora and contrasts with null onsets:
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
:'''First syllable stressed'''
! colspan="5"|Initial Syllable Structure
*'''{{blue|am}}''' - «''blood''», /ˈaŋ/ (monomoraic)
|-
*'''{{blue|yam}}ina''' - «''come''», /ˈjaŋ.iːn.a/ (trimoraic-bimoraic-monomoraic)
|('''C''')
:'''Second syllable stressed'''
|('''C''')
*'''{{blue|yam}}nann''' - «''my coming''», /jaŋ.ˈnanː/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
|'''V'''
The existence of a geminated vowel or diphthong also reinforces the syllable weight:
|'''C'''
*'''yam{{blue|nay}}''' - «''his coming''», /ˈjaŋ.naj/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
|('''C''')
The following example details how geminate consonants actually are realised as double consonants in syllable boundaries.
|-
*'''yam{{blue|nan}}nayya''' - «''it is my coming''» /jaŋ.ˈnan.naj.ja/ (trimoraic-trimoraic-trimoraic-monomoraic)
! colspan="5"|General
 
|-
With these points considered, the conclusion is that the Attian emphasis always lies on either the first syllable, should the word commence with a consonant or diphthong, or on the second syllable, if the first phoneme is a vowel, or if both the initial and second syllables are equally heavy. This only concerns non-prefixed stems however. Stress in the Attian language is absolute and shows no inclination towards moving, regardless of any prefixing, unless the consonant template ischanged:
|('''C''')
 
|'''V'''
*'''{{blue|gav}}a''' - «''to cut''» /ˈgaw.a/ → '''{{blue|ma}}gva''' - «''knife''», /ˈmag.wa/ → '''e{{blue|mag}}va''' - «''knife''» /ɛˈmag.wa/ not /ɛmˈag.wa/
| colspan="2" |('''C''')/('''N''')
 
|('''N''')
===Accent===
|}
The Attian language has an inherent '''pitch accent''', simply called the '''accent'''. The accent is non-distinctive for minimal pairs, but is an essential part of the vowel articulation.
 
 
====Attian morae====
Stressed syllables differentiate two tones, often described as pitch accents, or simply accents. The actual realisations of these two accents would differ from dialect to dialect. In general, however, these accents are identified as ''high'' and ''low''. These terms are avoided and most often replaced with ''sharp'' and ''matte'', which is the general perception of the tones realisations, since the matte accent is characterised by a later timing of the intonational pitch rise as compared with the sharp accent.
The weight of an Attian syllable is determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora. As it happens, the morae correspond to the three universal syllable segments:
 
*A syllable onset. ('''ω''')
The pitch accents are suprasegmental realisations of the front-back value. The system is quite simple. Back and central vowels are commonly associated with the matte accent, leading most often to a lower tone [˨, ◌̀], whilst front vowels inherit a sharp tone [˦, ◌́].
**An onset is built up by consonants before the nucleus. The weight is not affected by the number of consonants.
 
*A nucleus. ('''ν''')
Sequences of vowels are influenced of the preceding or following, stressed vowel accent, rendering front-back vowels with a high-falling tone [˥˩, ◌̂]. Conversely, back to front sequences get low-rising accents [˩˥, ◌̌].
**The nucleus is mandatory and always composed of a diphthong or a vowel.
*A syllable coda. ('''κ''')
**A coda is composed of the consonants after the nucleus. The weight is not affected by the number of consonants.


*'''{{blue|a}}m''' - «''blood''», /ˈáŋ/
The conclusions are:
*'''{{blue|a}}zn{{red|ou}}''' - «''heat''», /ázˈnɤ̀/ → [ázˈnɤ̂]
*A syllable may be realised at the most as ('''ω + ν + κ'''). Each of these represent one mora, three altogether.
*'''{{red|o}}m{{blue|a}}n''' - «''oman''», /ɤ̀ŋˈán/ → [ɤ̌mˈán]
*The phonotactics say that an initial syllable is realised minimally as VC, thus always receiving a syllable coda, ('''ν + κ'''), giving two morae altogether.
*The minimal syllable possible is the sole nucleus, ('''ν'''), and it only occurs finally.
 
This leaves four possible combinations:
*('''ω + ν + κ''')
*('''ω + ν''')
*('''ν + κ''')
*('''ν''')
 
Compare the following:
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
!Word
| colspan="2"|  '''zema'''
!
| colspan="2"| '''atna'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''ethnema'''
|-
!Pronunciation
| colspan="2"| /ˈzɛŋ͡m.ø/
!
| colspan="2"|  /at.ˈna/
!
| colspan="3"| /ɛθ.ˈnɛŋ͡m.ø
|-
!Syllables
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>a</small>
!
|<small>at</small>
|<small>na</small>
!
|<small>eth</small>
|<small>nem</small>
|<small>a</small>
|-
!Segments
|('''ω + ν + κ''')
|(ν)
!
|(ν + κ)
|('''ω + ν''')
!
|(ν + κ)
|('''ω + ν + κ''')
|(ν)
|-
!Morae
|1 + 1 + '''1'''
| + 1
!
|1 + 1
| + '''1''' + 1
!
|1 + 1
| + '''1''' + 1 +1
| + 1
|-
!Translation
| colspan="2"|''house''
!
| colspan="2"| ''dog''
!
| colspan="3"|''language''
|}
Due to the restrictions in the phonotactics, a word may only be stressed on the first or second syllable, depending on where the third mora lies. The first syllable always totals at least two morae, and the second at least one.


In longer words, the distinctive pitch accent looses its strenght rendering most syllables with a normal, mid pitch [˧, ◌̄]. These vowels receive a vastly faster voiced onset time, and are pronounced very rapidly. An exception to this is should the final vowel be front valued, which gives a final rising tone.  
This makes it possible to formulate a law to describe the Attian stress pattern:
*''If a word starts with a consonant, the first syllable is stressed. Should the word start with a vowel, the second syllable is stressed.''


*'''mathunum''' - «''speakers'' ({{sc|pat.pl.}})», [ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
=====Notes=====
*'''emathunum''' - «''these speakers'' ({{sc|prox.pat.pl.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
This also grants that stress is not phonemic, as it does not differentiate any minimal pairs. Nor is it lexic, but the stress changes should any affixes be attached to the word. There are however a few words that do not follow the basic stress patterns - a few loan words. Examples:
*'''emathunumann''' - «''these speakers of mine'' ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡mǎŋː]
*'''gorizi''' - /kor.ˈiz.i/ not /ˈkor.iz.i/
**''girl'' - from Greek "κορίτσι".
*'''gentagona''' - /k͡pœn.ˈtag.on.a/ not /ˈk͡pœn.tag.on.a/
**''pentagons'' - from Greek "πεντάγωνα".


Note that only the accent signature of the stressed vowel o ever transcribed, and that accent is ever distinguished in the most narrow transcriptions. This renders the final example like this:
====Effect on vowels====
*'''emathunumann''' - «these speakers of mine ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})»,  /ɛŋaˈθunuŋanː/ - [ɛᶢŋaˈθoʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː] - [ɛᶢŋaˈθòʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː]
:''For more information, go to [[Attian/Phonology]].''
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
:''See main article: [[Attian/Morphology|Attian morphology]]''
==Literals==
{{Improvesection}}
:''See also: [[Attian/Morphology|Attian morphology]], [[Attian#Nouns|nouns]] and [[Attian#Verbs|verbs]].''
The roots of verbs and nouns in the Attian language,  similarly to [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]], are characterised as consonant sequences or "radicals", forming a "template" into which vowels or morphemes may be inserted without affecting the basic root.


[[Image:Nonconcatenative-derivation-at.png|right|thumb|A diagram of an autosegmental representation of the Attian word ''yemzin'', "whisper"; an abstract nomalisation and diminutive of the root ''m-z-n'', "call".]]
===Radicals===


The radicals of the Attian lexicon and the corresponding paradigms are used to form verbal and nominal inflection, derivation and miscellaneous grammatical categories.
:''See also: Attian [[Attian#Nouns|nouns]] and [[Attian#Verbs|verbs]].''


These vowels or morphemes, called '''transfixes''', are used in the formation of actual words from the abstract consonantal roots, or '''literals'''. A large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals, consisting of three radical consonants (although there are a number of uniliterals, a large amount of biliterals, and in some derivations also quadriliterals).
{{quote
|text='''Gva aguma anijat gnama.'''
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 5
|about= '''I know the root of evil''' is an Attian grammatical saying by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. With this proverb, he illustrates the grammatical source, or root, to the word meaning "evil", rather than the semantical one.
}}


This Attian procedure is an unusual system of derivation. From any particular root various verb and noun stems may be formed, each with its own template (though there are few verbs where all stem patterns can be successfully applied). Roots are always presented in the following form: √''C-C-C''. Below are a few examples, of bi- and triliteral roots, in the first conjugational template.  
The Attian language has an uncommon [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], where roots, or radicals, are inserted in a verb template. A root consists of a set of bare [w:consonant|]]s (usually two), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words.  


{{At-radicals |1 = VCV |2 = CaCa |3 = aCCiC |4 = (e)CCeCaC }}
The radicals of the Attian lexicon and the corresponding paradigms are used to form verbal and nominal inflection, [[w:derivation|derivation]] and miscellaneous grammatical functions,  similarly to [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]].


#The biliteral root √''th-g'', which approximates as "want", "desire".
[[Image:Nonconcatenative-derivation-at.png|right|thumb|A diagram of an autosegmental representation of the Attian word ''yemzin'', "whisper"; an abstract nomalisation and diminutive of the root ''m-z-n'', "call".]]
#The triliteral √''g-m-m'' with the meaning "arrival", causative of to "come".
These roots, or radicals, have an inherent meaning, which may be altered slightly depending on the vowels inserted between the bare consonants. Here are a few examples:
#One of the rare uniliterals; √''m'', which means "second", "following".
*'''{{sc|m-n}}''' - concerns vision.
*'''{{sc|θ-n}}''' - relating to speech.
*'''{{sc|g-ʾ}}''' - associated with horizontal movement.


{| cellpadding="4"  style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 15px;"
The vowels or morphemes, called '''transfixes''', are used in the formation of actual words from the abstract consonantal roots, or '''radicals'''. A large majority of these consonantal roots are biliterals, consisting of two radical consonants (although there are a number of uniliterals, and an amount of triliterals).
|+
 
<!-- Root-->
The Attian language distinguishes four different kinds of radicals:
|'''√{{blue|th-g}}''' + CaCa
*'''Uniliterals''' - Uniliterals consist of one, single consonant and are very uncommon. They only appear as particles or articles.
*'''Biliterals''' - Biliterals are composed of two consonants, and is the biggest group of radicals. It is divided into two types:
**'''Single biliterals''' - Single biliterals are the most common radicals in the Attian language. They consist of two bare consonants.
**'''Double biliterals''' - The double biliterals are derived from single biliterals. The two radicals are compressed into a consonant cluster, and a third radical is added.
*'''Triliterals''' - Triliterals are few, but also consist of derivations of biliterals. They have three bare consonants.


!
====Vowel patterns====
The Attian patterns of transfixes, "vowel patterns", are plentiful and most often rather irregular.  The patterns are diverse for nouns, but the verbs have more standardised forms; see the section on [[Attian#Conjugation|verbal inflexion]].


|'''√{{blue|g-m-m}}''' + aCCiC
Some forms do not exist in combination with certain radicals - should the semantics or phonotactics forbid. At times, the meaning of some vowel patterns may coincide and create synonyms. One example is ''{{term|ethnema}}'', ''thenma'' and ''thina'', all meaning "language".


!


|'''√{{blue|m}}''' + aCa
{| class="bluetable lightblubg mw-collapsible mw-collapsible " border="1" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="5" |Approximation of common transfixation patterns
|-
|-
<!-- Result-->
| '{{blue|th}}a{{blue|g}}a'
!
!
 
! Masculine
|'a{{blue|gm}}i{{blue|m}}'
! colspan="2"| Feminine
 
! Neuter
!
|-
 
! Alienable
|'a{{blue|m}}a'
|C₁aC₂a
|eC₁iC₂a
|C₁iC₂a
|C₁aC₂a
|-
! Inalienable
|C₁eC₂i
|eC₁C₂i
|C₁aC₂i
|uC₁C₂a
|-
! Abstract
|aC₁iC₂a
|eC₁iC₂a
|C₁iC₂a
|C₁eC₂a
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
! Concrete
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |{{sc|v.act.ind.gn.m.sg}}
|aC₁C₂a
|eC₁iC₂a
|C₁aC₂u
|aC₁C₂u
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| «''to want''»
!
| «''to arrive''»
!
|«''to follow''»
|}
|}




This is the first introduction of the template glossing. Since the Attian language utilises transfixes, the glossing is made with a slash following the translated word, and the glossing thereafter. Circumfixes are marked with angle brackets. To clarify, here is a previous example:
Above is a table of gender contrasting with characteristics. It displays a few of the vowel patterns, at least those that are predictable in form and meaning. Below are a few applications of the patterns on a few roots.  


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 15px;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Root-->
| colspan="4"|  '''thanainn a{{blue|n t}}ajai'''
|'''√{{blue|th-n}}''' + CaCu


!
!


| colspan="4"| '''gavann a{{blue|n g}}arya'''
|'''√{{blue|g-m}}''' + CeCa


!
!


| colspan="4"| '''themine{{red|n th}}anya gva'''
|'''√{{blue|g-n}}''' + eCiCa
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Result-->
| colspan="4"| /ˈθanenː an taʝo/ → [ˈθanenː an ˈ{{blue|ⁿt}}aɣe]
| '''{{blue|th}}a{{blue|g}}u'''


!
!


| colspan="4"| /ˈɡawanː an ˈɡaɹja/ → [ˈɡawanː an ˈ{{blue|ᵑɡ}}aɹɣa]
|'''{{blue|g}}e{{blue|m}}a'''


!
!


| colspan="4"| /θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa/ → [ θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa]
|'''e{{blue|g}}i{{blue|n}}a'''
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>thanai</small>
|<small>Related to speech</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small> an</small>
|<small> tajai</small>


!
!


|<small>gava</small>
|<small>Related to arrival</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small> an</small>
|<small>garya</small>


!
!


|<small>⟨th⟩emeni⟨n⟩</small>
|<small>Related to knowledge</small>
|<small>thanya</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Translation -->
|speech/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| ''mouth''
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
|the{{sc|.def.f}}
|badness/{{sc|pat.f.sg}}


!
!


|coffee/{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| ''arrival''
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
|the{{sc|.def.f}}
|sweetness/{{sc|pat.f.sg}}


!
!


|⟨{{sc|rep}}⟩see/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}⟨{{sc|rep}}⟩
|''wit''
|mouth/{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
|}
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|agt}}
|-
<!-- Translation-->
| colspan="4"|«''I speak poorly''»
 
!


| colspan="4"| «''my sweet coffee''»


!
Since the Attian language utilises transfixes, the glossing is made with a slash ⟨ / ⟩ following the translated word, and the glossing thereafter.
 
| colspan="3"|«''It is said that I see your mouth''»
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Line 1,166: Line 1,253:
The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.
The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.


=====Patientive=====
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  


Line 1,181: Line 1,269:
!
!


| colspan="6"|'''enath{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
| colspan="6"|'''eta anth{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
Line 1,192: Line 1,280:
!
!


| colspan="6"|/ɛnˈaθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
| colspan="6"|/ɛtˈa anˈθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 1,207: Line 1,295:
!
!


|<small>e-</small>
|<small>eta</small>
|<small>nath</small>
|<small>anth</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>atn</small>
Line 1,227: Line 1,315:
!
!


|{{sc|prox}}-
|this/{{sc|prox.sg.m}}
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}}
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
Line 1,235: Line 1,323:
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"| «''I trip''»
| colspan="2"| ''I trip''


!
!


| colspan="4"| «''You trip me''»
| colspan="4"| ''You trip me''


!
!


| colspan="6"|«''This man sees a dog''»
| colspan="6"|''This man sees a dog''
|}
|}


Line 1,330: Line 1,418:
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|«''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of»
| colspan="2"|''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''I am being spoken of''»
| colspan="3"|''I am being spoken of''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''The cat is eating itself''»
| colspan="4"|''The cat is eating itself''




!
!


| colspan="4"|«''The cat is being eaten''»
| colspan="4"|''The cat is being eaten''
|}
|}
=====Agentative=====
[[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
[[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  
Line 1,370: Line 1,459:
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋaŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋ͡møŋ͡m/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋa/
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋ͡mø/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋaŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋ͡møŋ͡m/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aˈŋ͡ma haŋ/  
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa haŋ/  
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 1,427: Line 1,516:
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|«''You are breathing.'' »<br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small>
| colspan="2"|''You are breathing.'' <br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small>


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''You are breathing.''»<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small>
| colspan="3"|''You are breathing.''<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small>


!
!


| colspan="2"|«''Breathe!'' »<br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small>
| colspan="2"|''Breathe!'' <br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small>


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''Breathe!''»<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small>
| colspan="3"|''Breathe!''<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small>
|}
|}


Line 1,507: Line 1,596:
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|«''You cook (something)''»
| colspan="2"|''You cook (something)''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''You are cooking a squirrel''»
| colspan="5"|''You are cooking a squirrel''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''The bird flies''»
| colspan="4"|''The bird flies''
|}
|}


====Instrumental====
====Instrumental====
=====Instrumental proper=====
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.  
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.  


Line 1,524: Line 1,614:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''gva va grammua cvenn{{blue|an}} gira'''  
| colspan="8"| '''gva va gramma genn{{blue|an}} gira'''  
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈɡr̥aŋ͡mu̩a ˈkwɛnːan ˈɡira/
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈkr̥aŋ͡mø ˈk͡pœœnːan ˈɡira/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 1,533: Line 1,623:
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>grammu-</small>
|<small>gramm-</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
Line 1,550: Line 1,640:
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| «''I write the letter with a pen''»
| colspan="8"| ''I write the letter with a pen''
|}
|}


Line 1,556: Line 1,646:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagāv{{blue|un}} aggim'''
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagav{{blue|un}} aggim'''


!
!
Line 1,597: Line 1,687:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="4"| «''We go by boat''»
| colspan="4"| ''We go by boat''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''Let happiness make you glad! - Gladden yourself through happiness!''» - Attian saying.
| colspan="4"|''Let happiness make you glad!'' - Attian saying.
|}
|}


On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. If desired, the agent can be reintroduced.
=====Inanimate subjective instrumental=====
On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used.
 
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.  


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gāva'''
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava'''


!
!
Line 1,630: Line 1,723:
|<small>magv</small>
|<small>magv</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>gāva</small>
|<small>gava</small>


!
!
Line 1,656: Line 1,749:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="7"| «''I cut bread with knifes''»
| colspan="7"| ''I cut bread with knifes''


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»
| colspan="3"|''I am hit with stones''
|}
|}


Instead, the knife is marked with the instrumental case, and the agent must be introduced: "Someone slices the bread with a knife", or implied "With a knife the bread is sliced". Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"| '''''{{red|uvaney}}'' titumann'''
| colspan="4"|'''''{{red|vanev}}'' ittimann'''


!
!


| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''
| colspan="4"|'''vanun tutinn'''


!
!


| colspan="5"| '''yatva {{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} etitann'''
| colspan="5"|'''yatva vanum titann'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/uˈwanɛj ˈtitanː/
| colspan="4"|/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/uwˈana ˈtutanː/
| colspan="4"|/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/


!
!


| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa uwˈana ɛtˈitanː/
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>⟨{{red|u}}⟩van⟨{{red|ey}}⟩</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>tita</small>
|<small>-ev</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>ittim</small>
|<small>-ann</small>


!
!


|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩van⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>tuta</small>
|<small>-un</small>
|<small>tuti</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>


Line 1,704: Line 1,799:
|<small>yat</small>
|<small>yat</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩van⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>etita</small>
|<small>-um</small>
|<small>tita</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col.}}⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩
|stone/{{sc|n.pl.}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.agt}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.pl}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}


!
!


|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|stone/{{sc|n.pl}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}}
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
Line 1,721: Line 1,819:
!
!


|someone
|someone/{{sc|m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|stone/{{sc|n.pl}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
Line 1,729: Line 1,828:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="3"| «*Stones ''hit me''»
| colspan="4"|''*Stones hit me''


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»
| colspan="4"|''I am hit with stones''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''Some guy hits me with stones''»
| colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones''
|}
|}


=====Comitative instrumental=====
The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:
The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:


Line 1,745: Line 1,845:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|ān}}?'''
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|an}}?'''


!
!
Line 1,819: Line 1,919:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="5"| «''Are you with me?''»
| colspan="5"| ''Are you with me?''


!
!


| colspan="6"|«''I make it with you.''»
| colspan="6"|''I make it with you.''


!
!


| colspan="6"|Literary:«''I am with no hair.''» or «''I have no hair.''»
| colspan="6"|''I am with no hair.'' or ''I have no hair.''
|}
|}


=====Animate subjective instrumental=====
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns:
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns:
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself»
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself»
Line 1,841: Line 1,942:
!
!


| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|ān}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|an}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|ān}}'''
| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|an}}'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
Line 1,870: Line 1,971:
|<small>mumnayyiz</small>
|<small>mumnayyiz</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ān}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>


!
!
Line 1,877: Line 1,978:
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ān}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
Line 1,901: Line 2,002:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="5"| «''I'm seen by you''»
| colspan="5"| ''I'm seen by you''


!
!
.
.
| colspan="3"|«''Discovered by me''»
| colspan="3"|''Discovered by me''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''Me, I speak of myself.''»
| colspan="4"|''Me, I speak of myself.''
|}
|}


====Locative====
====Locative====
=====Locative proper=====
:''See also: [[Attian#Possession|Attian possession]]''
:''See also: [[Attian#Possession|Attian possession]]''
The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on"{{ex|=41, 43}}. However, the Attian locative also bears a temporal usage{{ex|=43}}, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock". The Attian language does not have [[w:adpositions|adpositions]] in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative, but rather [[w:proclitics|proclitics]]. These will be marked green.
The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Attian locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock". The Attian language does not have [[w:adpositions|adpositions]] in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative, but rather [[w:proclitics|proclitics]]. These will be marked green.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|41: '''amnayya ezm{{blue|ut}}?'''
| colspan="4"|'''Amnayya azim{{blue|at}}'''?


!
!


| colspan="4"|42: '''regēyyō {{green|en}}zem{{blue|ut}}'''
| colspan="5"|'''ʔineyna {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''.


!
!


| colspan="3"|43: '''{{green|am}}agz{{blue|at}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{green|am}}agy{{blue|at}}'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|/aˈŋ͡majːa ɛzˈŋut/
| colspan="4"|/aˈŋ͡majːa azˈiŋ͡mat/


!
!


| colspan="5"|/ˈr̥ɛɡœjːo ɛnˈzɛŋ͡mut/
| colspan="5"|/ˈʔinɛjna ɛnˈazaŋut/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈzat/
| colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈjat/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>aumn</small>
|<small>amna</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>ezm</small>
|<small>azima</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ut}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-t}}</small>


!
!


|<small>regey</small>
|<small>ʔiney</small>
|<small>-yu</small>
|<small>-na</small>
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>


Line 1,959: Line 2,060:


|<small>{{green|am}}-</small>
|<small>{{green|am}}-</small>
|<small>agz</small>
|<small>agy</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|you/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
|you/{{sc|2.sg.c.pat}}
| -{{sc|c.pat.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
Line 1,972: Line 2,072:


| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}}
| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}}
| -it.{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
Line 1,979: Line 2,079:
!
!


|  after.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
|  after/behind.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
| hour/{{sc|f.sg}}
| hour/{{sc|f.sg}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
Line 1,985: Line 2,085:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="5"| «''Are you at home?''»
| colspan="4"| ''Are you at home?''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''It lies below the house''»
| colspan="5"|''It lies below the house''.


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''In an hour''»
| colspan="3"|''In an hour''
|}
|}
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ''"a"'', transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.
 
=====Lative locative=====
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹''a''› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/.
 
The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|44: '''gām {{green|a}} ezm{{blue|ut}}!'''
| colspan="4"|'''Gam {{green|a}} azim{{blue|at}}!'''


!
!


| colspan="6"|45: '''reragiyō {{green|a}} {{green|en}}zem{{blue|ut}}'''
| colspan="6"| '''ʔinena {{green|a}} {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''.


!
!


| colspan="4"|46: '''{{green|a}}nn thimomen{{blue|at}}'''
| colspan="4"|'''{{green|A}}nn erʔ{{blue|it}}'''.
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ a ɛzˈŋut/
| colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ aɦazˈiŋat/


!
!


| colspan="6"|/ˈr̥ɛraɡijːu a ɛnˈzɛŋut/
| colspan="6"|/ˈʔinɛna aɦ ɛnˈazaŋut/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/anː ˈθimomɛnat/
| colspan="4"|/anː erˈʔit/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>gām</small>
|<small>gam</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}</small>
|<small>ezm</small>
|<small>azima</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ut}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-t}}</small>


!
!


|<small>regey</small>
|<small>ʔine</small>
|<small>-yu</small>
|<small>-na</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}</small>
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>


Line 2,041: Line 2,145:
|<small>{{green|a}}-</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}-</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>thimomen</small>
|<small>erʔi</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|t}}</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}}
|come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| home/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}


!
!


| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}}
| lay/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}}
| -it.{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
Line 2,068: Line 2,172:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="6"| «''come home!''»
| colspan="4"| ''Come home!''


!
!


| colspan="6" |«''Put it below the house''»
| colspan="6" |''Put it below the house''.


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''I am getting angry''»
| colspan="4"|''I am getting angry''.
|}
|}


The secondary purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Attian#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer:  
=====Possessive locative=====
*''Minulla on talo'' - «I have a house» (literally: «There is a house at me»)
The third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Attian#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer:  
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Attian, and it is never used for inalienable constructions.
*'''Minulla on talo''' - ''I have a house'' (literally: ''There is a house at me'')
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Attian, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|47: '''g{{blue|āt}} zemayya'''
| colspan="4"|'''g{{blue|at}} azamayya'''


!
!


| colspan="6"|48: '''emin g{{blue|āt}} zemayya'''
| colspan="5"| '''Manim g{{blue|at}} azamayya!'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|/ˈɡøt ˈzɛmajːa/
| colspan="4"|/ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/


!
!


| colspan="6"|/ɛmˈin ˈɡa´øt ˈzɛmajːa/
| colspan="5"|/ˈŋ͡mønin ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>-yya</small>


Line 2,112: Line 2,216:
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|-
|-
Line 2,119: Line 2,222:
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
|  -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}


!
!


| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m.sg}}
| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.c.pl}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
|  -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}


Line 2,135: Line 2,236:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="5"| «''My house''» or «''I have a house''»
| colspan="4"| ''My house''


!
!


| colspan="6"|«''See my house''»
| colspan="5"|''Behold my house!''
|}
|}


Line 2,146: Line 2,247:
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->


| colspan="9"|49: '''zemayya g{{blue|āt}} va advayya'''
| colspan="6"|'''azamayya g{{blue|at}} ta trasino'''


| colspan="7"|50: '''atnvayya g{{blue|āt}} manimn'''
| colspan="7"|'''Atnvayya g{{blue|at}} girgemn.'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="9"|/ ˈzɛmajːa ˈɡøt wa adˈwajːa/
| colspan="6"|/ aˈzaŋajːa ˈɡ͡bøt wa taˈtr̥asino/


| colspan="7"|/ atˈnwajːa ˈɡøt ˈmanimn/
| colspan="7"|/ atˈŋ͡majːa ˈɡ͡bøt ˈɡirɡemn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>zem</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>adv</small>
|<small>trasino</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
 
!
!
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
Line 2,175: Line 2,270:
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>mani</small>
|<small>girge</small>
|<small>-mn</small>
|<small>-mn</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
 
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
| {{sc|def.n}}
| {{sc|def art.n}}
| green/{{sc|n.sg}}
| green({{sc|n.sg.pat}})
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
 
!
!
 
| dog/{{sc|sg.n}}
| dog/{{sc|sg.m}}
| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
Line 2,202: Line 2,291:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="9"|«''My green house''» or «''I have a green house''»
| colspan="6"|''My green house''


!
!


| colspan="7"|«''My dog sees you''»
| colspan="7"|''My dog barks at you''.
|}
|}


===Number===
===Number===
====Several's more than one====
{{quote
|text='''Atimayya ta amga ta ata, tayi atayya ta amga ta atim.'''
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 29
|about= '''Several is more than one, but then all is more than several''' is an Attian paradox and sometimes [[w:shibboleth|shibboleth]] created by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The saying plays with the fact that the Attian word for "''all''" is the same as that for "''one''", thus granting the translation: '''Several is more than one, but then one is more than several'''. It also illustrates the [[w:Grammatical number|number]] inflection for nouns in Attian, where "''several''" is simply the [[w:plural number|plural]] of "''one''" and "''all''" the [[w:Collective number|collective]] form.
}}
====Singular====
====Singular====
The singular ({{sc|sg}}) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the [[w:English language|English]] equivalent. The singular patientive is the citation form of all nouns in the Attian language. The singular inflects according to three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.
The singular ({{sc|sg}}) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the [[w:English language|English]] equivalent. The singular patientive is the citation form of all nouns in the Attian language. The singular inflects according to three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.
Line 2,219: Line 2,316:
|-
|-
!<small> Masculine</small>
!<small> Masculine</small>
| ''-V''|| ''-va'' || ''-an'' || ''-Vt''
| ''-∅''|| ''-va'' || ''-an'' || ''-Vt''
|-
|-
!<small>Feminine</small>
!<small>Feminine</small>
| ''-V''|| ''-vi'' || ''-in'' || ''-Vt''
| ''-∅''|| ''-vi'' || ''-in'' || ''-Vt''
|-
|-
!<small>Neuter</small>
!<small>Neuter</small>
| ''-V''|| ''-u'' || ''-un'' || ''-Vt''
| ''-∅''|| ''-u'' || ''-un'' || ''-Vt''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 2,324: Line 2,421:
There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants.  
There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants.  


====Don't blame the stone====
{{quote
|text='''Men vathim vana'''.
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 35
|about= '''Don't blame the stone''' is a well known Attian saying, invented by the Attian grammarian Athanir t'Armavir. It's idiomatic meaning is that one should not blame the tool when it is not the master of its own actions. It also carries grammatical significance, since the Attian language does not allow inanimate nouns to be the agent of a verb. An equivalent phrase in English would be: ''It isn't the gun that kills, but the one who pulled the trigger''.
}}
Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb.  Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.
Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb.  Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.


Line 2,329: Line 2,433:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"|51: '''''{{red|uvaney}}'' ebitann'''
| colspan="4"|'''''{{red|vanev}}'' ittimann'''


!
!


| colspan="3"|52: '''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} ebutann'''
| colspan="4"|'''vanun tutinn'''


!
!


| colspan="5"|53: '''yatva {{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} ebitann'''
| colspan="5"|'''yatva vanum titann'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/uˈwanɛj ɛbˈitanː/
| colspan="4"|/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/uwˈana ɛbˈutanː/
| colspan="4"|/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/


!
!


| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa uwˈana ɛbˈitanː/
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>⟨{{red|u}}⟩an⟨{{red|ey}}⟩</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>ebita</small>
|<small>-ev</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>ittim</small>
|<small>-ann</small>


!
!


|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩van⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>ebuta</small>
|<small>-un</small>
|<small>tuti</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>


Line 2,365: Line 2,471:
|<small>yat</small>
|<small>yat</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩van⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>ebita</small>
|<small>-um</small>
|<small>tita</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col.}}⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩
|stone/{{sc|n.pl.}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.agt}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.pl}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}


!
!


|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|stone/{{sc|n.pl}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}}
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
Line 2,382: Line 2,491:
!
!


|someone
|someone/{{sc|m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|stone/{{sc|n.pl}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
Line 2,390: Line 2,500:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="3"| «*Stones ''hit me''»
| colspan="4"|''*Stones hit me''


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»
| colspan="4"|''I am hit with stones''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''Some guy hits me with stones''»
| colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones''
|}
|}


Line 2,443: Line 2,553:
The alienability bears the meaning that objects or traits that can be removed from your possession are alienable, whilst objects that are inherent, traits, or if it's the origin of an object are inalienable, and always connected to you. A few English examples:
The alienability bears the meaning that objects or traits that can be removed from your possession are alienable, whilst objects that are inherent, traits, or if it's the origin of an object are inalienable, and always connected to you. A few English examples:


{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; "
{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="4"|English equivalents
! colspan="4"|English equivalents
|-
|-
Line 2,481: Line 2,591:


The distinction leads to two different types of possession, one which shows alienable possession, and one that indicates inalienable. Possession ties in with the animacy, as well as the active-stative morphosyntactic alignment.  
The distinction leads to two different types of possession, one which shows alienable possession, and one that indicates inalienable. Possession ties in with the animacy, as well as the active-stative morphosyntactic alignment.  
The inalienable possession is indicated through suffixing the patientative [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]] to the noun stem, if the possessor is personal. If not, the locative is used on the possessor, without any adpositions.
The inalienable possession is indicated through suffixing the patientative [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]] to the noun stem, if the possessor is personal. If not, the locative is used on the possessor, without any adpositions.


Line 2,486: Line 2,597:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"|54: '''athyann'''
| colspan="2"|'''nathi{{blue|nn}}'''


!
!


| colspan="5"|55: '''va anna mithrat'''
| colspan="4"|'''an anna mih{{blue|at}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|56: '''va maunin nathat'''
| colspan="4"|'''an emni anth{{blue|at}}'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/aθˈjanː/
| colspan="3"|/ˈnaθinː/


!
!


| colspan="5"|/wa ˈanːa ˈŋiθr̥at/
| colspan="4"|/anˈanːa ˈŋiɦat/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/wa ˈŋønin ˈnaθat/
| colspan="4"|/an ɛˈŋ͡mi anˈθat/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>athy</small>
|<small>nathi</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-{{blue|nn}}</small>
|<small>-nn</small>


!
!


|<small>mi</small>
|<small>an</small>
|<small>an</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>anna</small>
|<small>mithr</small>
|<small>miha</small>
|<small>-at</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>


!
!


|<small>ta</small>
|<small>an</small>
|<small>maunin</small>
|<small>emni</small>
|<small>∅</small>
|<small>natha</small>
|<small>nath</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>-at</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|hand/{{sc|sg.n}}
|hand/{{sc|sg.f.pat}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| -{{blue|{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}


!
!


|the.{{sc|def.f}}
|the.{{sc|def.f}}
|mother/{{sc|sg.f}}
|mother/{{sc|sg.f.pat}}
| -{{sc|f.pat}}
|girl/{{sc|sg.f}}
|girl/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|f.loc}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}


!
!


|the.{{sc|def.f}}
|the.{{sc|def.f}}
|appearance/{{sc|sg.n}}
|appearance/{{sc|sg.f.pat}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
|man/{{sc|sg.m}}
|man/{{sc|sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.loc}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|loc}}}}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="3"| «''My hand''»
| colspan="2"| ''My hand''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''The girl's mother''»
| colspan="4"|''The girl's mother''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''The man's appearance''»
| colspan="4"|''The man's appearance''
|}
|}


Alienable possession on the other hand is marked quite differently, or rather not marked at all. Alienable possession is expressed throught the verb '''thama''' - ''own'' or ''control'', through noun incorporation and a relativisation with the relativiser infix ⟨-i-⟩.
Alienable possession on the other hand can be marked quite differently, or rather not marked at all. Alienable possession is expressed throught the verb '''thama''' - ''own'' or ''control'', which is equivalent to ''to have'' in English.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''māzra gvithama'''
| colspan="3"|'''Gva etiza thimay'''


!
!


| colspan="5"|'''māzra girvithame'''
| colspan="3"|'''Nihva atna ethimey'''


!
!


| colspan="6"|'''muzrum nithayithamta'''
| colspan="4"|'''Tim nithay mānrum ithmayim'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøzr̥a gwiˈθaŋa/
| colspan="3"|/ɡwa ɛtˈiza ˈθiŋaj/


!
!


| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøzr̥a ˈgir̥wiθaŋɛ/
| colspan="3"|/ˈnihwa atˈna ɛθiŋej/


!
!


| colspan="6"|/ˈŋuzɹuŋ ˈniθajiθaŋta/
| colspan="4"|/tiŋ ˈniθaj ŋ͡mønr̥uŋ iθˈŋajiŋ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>mazr</small>
|<small>gva</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>etiza</small>
|<small>gv</small>
|<small>thimay</small>
|<small>-i-</small>
|<small>thama</small>
 
!
!
 
|<small>nihva</small>
|<small>mazr</small>
|<small>atna</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>ethimey</small>
|<small>girv</small>
|<small>-i-</small>
|<small>thame</small>


!
!


|<small>muzr</small>
|<small>tim</small>
|<small>-um</small>
|<small>nithay</small>
|<small>nith</small>
|<small>mānrum</small>
|<small>-ay</small>
|<small>ithnayim</small>
|<small>-i-</small>
|<small>thamta</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|book/{{sc|sg.n}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m.agt}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| horse/{{sc|f.sg.pat}}
| {{sc|1.sg.m.agt}}
| control/{{sc|ind.stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|rel}}-
| control/{{sc|ind.gn.m.sg}}


!
!
 
| girl/{{sc|f.sg.agt}}
|book/{{sc|sg.n}}
| dog/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| control/{{sc|ind.stat.f.sg}}
| woman/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|rel}}-
| control/{{sc|ind.gn.f.sg}}


!
!
|book/{{sc|pl.n}}
| {{sc|def art.pl.m.agt}}
| -{{sc|n.pat.pl}}
| man/{{sc|m.pl.agt}}
| man/{{sc|pl.m}}
| book/{{sc|n.pl.pat}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.pl}}
| control/{{sc|ind.stat.c.pl}}
| -{{sc|rel}}-
| control/{{sc|ind.gn.c.pl}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="3"| «''The book which I own''»
| colspan="3"| ''I own a horse''.


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''The book which the girl owns''»
| colspan="3"|''The girl has a dog''.


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''The books which the men own''»
| colspan="4"|''The men have books''
|}
|}


This ties in with [[Attian#Animacy|animacy]] - alienable possession is not possible for inanimate nouns, since they are not perceived to be able to control or own anything. Instead, this is circumvented throughother expressions, most often with the instrumental and a [[Attian#Copula|copula]]:
This ties in with [[Attian#Animacy|animacy]] - alienable possession is not possible for inanimate nouns, since they are not perceived to be able to control or own anything. Instead, this is circumvented throughother expressions, most often with the instrumental and a [[Attian#Copula|copula]]. This is a common way of expression for animate nouns as well, but the previous example is impossible for inanimate ones.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
Line 2,657: Line 2,747:
!
!


| colspan="5"|'''māgāvin māthyayya'''
| colspan="5"|'''māgrin mānthayya'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
Line 2,664: Line 2,754:
!
!


| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøgøwin ˈŋøθjajːa/
| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøgrin ˈŋønθajːa/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 2,674: Line 2,764:
!
!


|<small>magav</small>
|<small>magra</small>
|<small>-in</small>
|<small>-in</small>
|<small>mathya</small>
|<small>mantha</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|-
|-
Line 2,682: Line 2,772:
|dog/{{sc|sg.n}}
|dog/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.ins}}
| -{{sc|n.ins}}
| leash/{{sc|n.sg}}
| leash/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}


Line 2,689: Line 2,779:
|knife/{{sc|sg.n}}
|knife/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.ins}}
| -{{sc|n.ins}}
|handle/{{sc|n.sg}}
|handle/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="3"| «''The dog has a leash/A leash is with the dog''»
| colspan="3"| ''The dog has a leash / A leash is with the dog''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''The knife has a handle/A handle is with the knife''»
| colspan="5"|''The knife has a handle / A handle is with the knife''
|}
|}


Line 2,798: Line 2,888:


===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, definite articles and third person personal pronouns. There is no distinction made, what so ever.
The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, and third person personal pronouns. There is no distinction made, what so ever.


The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''.
The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''.
====Distal demonstratives====
====Distal demonstratives====
The distal demonstratives, sometimes dubbed the ''normal'' demonstratives imply a relatively far distance way from the speaker, similarly to the English deictic "''that''", but they are also the default definite articles, like English "''the''" and third person pronouns
The distal demonstratives, in Attian grammar sometimes called ''functional articles'' or ''normal'' demonstratives imply a relatively far distance way from the speaker, similarly to the English deictic "''that''". The demonstratives have a range of functions:
 
*The instrumental forms transform verbal nouns to adverbs after verbs.
*The locative forms transform nouns to locational or directional adverbs after verbs.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
|-
! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns
! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns
|-
|-
Line 2,821: Line 2,916:
! style="text-align: center;"|<small>Neuter</small>
! style="text-align: center;"|<small>Neuter</small>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Dependent</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''tu''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
| style="text-align: center;"|''an/va''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eʾ-''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
| style="text-align: center;"|''tim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
| style="text-align: center;"|''vim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eʾ-''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tev''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Independent</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''ah''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eh''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ah''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahaʾ''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehiʾ''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahaʾ''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Instrumental</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Instrumental</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''tan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''an''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehin''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehen''
| style="text-align: center;"|''itan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''anni''
| style="text-align: center;"|''in''
| style="text-align: center;"|''enni''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''henu''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''tut''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''vat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehit''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tat
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehet''
| style="text-align: center;"|''itat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''atti''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ivat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etti''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''hetu''
|}
|}


====Proximal demonstratives====
====Proximal demonstratives====
The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the preceeding, original vowel. This has led to a great deal of irregularity in the demonstratives.
The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the original vowel. This has led to a great deal of irregularity in the proximals.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
Line 2,872: Line 2,975:
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''etō''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etu''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evim''
Line 2,888: Line 2,991:
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''etut''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat
| style="text-align: center;"|''etut
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
Line 2,897: Line 3,000:




These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun.
These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun. Unless the word starts in a vowel, in that case, the demonstratives are preferrable.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"| '''eta zemā'''
| colspan="4"| '''etu nema'''


!
!


| colspan="3"| '''ezemā'''
| colspan="3"| '''enema'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ɛˈta ˈzɛŋø/
| colspan="4"|/ɛˈtʊ ˈnɛŋ͡mø/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/ɛˈzɛŋø/
| colspan="3"|/ɛˈnɛŋ͡mø/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>e-</small>
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>nem</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>


Line 2,925: Line 3,028:


|<small>e-</small>
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>nem</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|-
|-
Line 2,931: Line 3,034:
|{{sc|prox}}-
|{{sc|prox}}-
|this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}}
|this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}}
| house/{{sc|sg.n}}
| noun/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}


Line 2,937: Line 3,040:


|{{sc|prox}}-
|{{sc|prox}}-
| house/{{sc|sg.n}}
| noun/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}


Line 2,997: Line 3,100:
===Disjunctive pronouns===
===Disjunctive pronouns===
===Reciprocal pronouns===
===Reciprocal pronouns===
==Adjectives and adverbs==
The Attian language lacks simple modifiers in the traditional [[w:English|English]] sense. [[w:Adjective|Adjective]]s and [[w:adverb|adverb]]s do not exist. Instead, nouns and verbs are modified through the use of [[Attian#nouns|nouns]].
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
Attian adverbs are remains of system of [[w:cognate accusative|cognate accusative]]s which modiied verbal phrases. Now, it is a fairly simple system using a demonstrative and a noun.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Line 3,023: Line 3,132:
|-
|-
|''anza''
|''anza''
|אנזַ
|אנזְ
|morning/early
|morning/early
|{{sc|past}}
|{{sc|past}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|''agmā''
|''agmā''
|אגמַ
|אגםְ
|evening/late
|evening/late
|{{sc|future}}
|{{sc|future}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|''mēgā''
|''mēgā''
|מֵגַ
|מֵגְ
|time/timely
|time/timely
|{{sc|present}}
|{{sc|present}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|''-igāmā''
|''-igimā''
|יגַמַ-
|יגִםְ-
|that comes
|that comes
|{{sc|reiterative}}
|{{sc|reiterative}}
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|''mēgigāme''
|''mēgigime''
|מֵגִגַמֵ
|מֵגִגִםֵ
|time that comes/again
|time that comes/again
|{{sc|reiterative present}}
|{{sc|reiterative present}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|''-idaya''
|''-itiya''
|ידַיַ-
|יטִיְ-
|that waits
|that waits
|{{sc|"relative"}}
|{{sc|"relative"}}
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|''mēgidaye''
|''mēgitiye''
|מֵגִדַיֵ
|מֵגִטִיֵ
|time that waits/today
|time that waits/today
|{{sc|hodiernal}}
|{{sc|hodiernal}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|''anzidaye''
|''anzitiye''
|אנזִדַיֵ
|אנזִטִיֵ
|morning that waits/yesterday
|morning that waits/yesterday
|{{sc|hesternal}}
|{{sc|hesternal}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|''agmidaye''
|''agmitiye''
|אגמִדַיֵ
|אגמִטִיֵ
|evening that waits/tomorrow
|evening that waits/tomorrow
|{{sc|crastinal}}
|{{sc|crastinal}}
|''f''
|''n''
|-
|-
|}
|}


*Please note that as with all adverbs, the definite article is compulsory.
*Please note that as with all adverbs, the definite article is compulsory, as well as the instrumental case. As with all words with an onset, the definite article is inverted.


====Gender and number====
====Gender and number====
Line 3,139: Line 3,248:
!
!


| colspan="4"|/ŋjana ˈduno/
| colspan="4"|/taˈŋjana ˈdunʊ/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjau̩ ˈduno/  
| colspan="4"|/taˈŋjau̩ ˈdunʊ/  
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 3,215: Line 3,324:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''ta munehna {{blue|guthu}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''ta munehna {{blue|guthu}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|'''raiaya {{blue|vuhu}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''raiaya {{blue|vuhu}}'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|  /ta ˈŋunɛça ˈguθo/
| colspan="3"|  /ta ˈŋunɛhna ˈguθʊ/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/r̥aˈi̩aja ˈwuho/
| colspan="3"|/r̥aˈi̩aja ˈwuhʊ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>munesh</small>
|<small>munehna</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>{{blue|guthu}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|guthu}}</small>


!
!


|<small>rai</small>
|<small>raia</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-ya</small>
|<small>-ya</small>
|<small>{{blue|vuhu}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|vuhu}}</small>
Line 3,243: Line 3,350:
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|window/{{sc|n.sg}}
|window/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| -{{sc|pat.sg}}
|break/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}}
|break/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}}


!
!


|head/{{sc|n.sg}}
|head/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| -{{sc|pat.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.pat.3.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.pat.3.sg}}
|turn/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}}
|turn/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"|''The window broke''
| colspan="3"|''The window broke''


!
!


| colspan="4"|''His head turns''
| colspan="3"|''His head turns''
|}
|}


Line 3,270: Line 3,375:
!
!


| colspan="3"| '''ta gānan gunun'''
| colspan="3"| '''ta genan gunun'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/ta ˈtata ˈzuziŋ/
| colspan="3"|/taˈtata ˈzuziŋ/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/ta ˈɡ͡bœnan ˈgunun/
| colspan="3"|/taˈɡ͡bœnan ˈgunun/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 3,286: Line 3,391:


|<small>ta</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>gēnan</small>
|<small>genan</small>
|<small>gunun</small>
|<small>gunun</small>
|-
|-
Line 3,323: Line 3,428:
!
!


| colspan="3"| '''gva mugā'''
| colspan="3"| '''gva muga'''


!
!
Line 3,359: Line 3,464:
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>mugā</small>
|<small>muga</small>


!
!
Line 3,423: Line 3,528:
| colspan="3"| /ar̥ˈr̥ʊ ar̥ˈŋɛj ˈr̥ɛŋ͡muŋ/
| colspan="3"| /ar̥ˈr̥ʊ ar̥ˈŋɛj ˈr̥ɛŋ͡muŋ/
!
!
| colspan="6"|/anˈaria adˈniŋ anˈsan uˈjatan ˈtaˌtan/
| colspan="6"|/anˈaria adˈniŋ anˈsan uˈjatan taˈtan/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 3,466: Line 3,571:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''Emnvi ta azmu {{blue|ethiri}}'''
| colspan="4"|'''Emnvi ta azama {{blue|ethiri}}'''.
!
!
| colspan="3"|'''Ta azmu {{green|thirey}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''Ta azama {{green|thirey}}'''.
!
!
| colspan="3"|'''Ta azmu {{red|thuru}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''Ta azama {{red|thuru}}'''.
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"| /ɛˈŋ͡mi ˈtasˌŋʊ ɛθˈiri/
| colspan="4"| /ɛˈŋ͡mi tasˈaŋa ɛθˈiri/
!
!
| colspan="3"|/ˈtasˌŋʊ ˈθirɛj/
| colspan="3"|/tasˈaŋa ˈθirɛj/
!
!
| colspan="3"|/ˈtasˌŋʊ ˈθurʊ/
| colspan="3"|/tasˈaŋa ˈθurʊ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 3,522: Line 3,627:
*''The mouse squeaked once.'' - {{sc|momentane}}
*''The mouse squeaked once.'' - {{sc|momentane}}


It also signifies actions performed very quickly, especially in the present time.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
 
|+
The momentane does however shine on a different area - most of the time, the momentane works like a [[w:perfective|perfective]], signifying past events, similarly to a [[w:preterite|preterite]] or a [[w:perfect|perfect]] tense and compound tense. This grants that the past tense is sometimes implied when using the momentane aspect.
<!-- Sentence -->
 
| colspan="3"|'''Tu {{red|titann}}'''
===Conjugation===
!
====Evidentiality====
| colspan="3"|'''Tu {{blue|ʾattann}}'''
====Control and volition====
!
===Verbal patterns===
| colspan="5"|'''Tu {{red|nitat}}ur {{blue|ʾatat}}ur?'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 80%; height: 100%;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9" |Verb
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"| /tʊ ˈtitanː/
!
| colspan="3"|/tʊ ˈʔatːanː/
!
| colspan="5"|/tʊ ˈnitatur̥ ˈʔatatur̥/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>{{red|tita}}</small>
|<small>-ann</small>
!
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>{{blue|ʾatta}}</small>
|<small>-ann</small>
!
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>{{red|nitat}}</small>
|<small>-ur</small>
|<small>{{blue|ʾatat}}</small>
|<small>-ur</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |''√{{sc|m-n}}''
<!-- Gloss-->
|he/{{sc|3.m.sg.agt}}
|{{red|hit}}/{{sc|ind.{{red|dyn}}.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.1.m.sg.}}
!
|he/{{sc|3.m.sg.agt}}
|{{blue|hit}}/{{sc|ind.{{blue|mom}}.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.1.m.sg.}}
!
|he/{{sc|3.m.sg.agt}}
|{{red|hit}}/{{sc|int.{{red|dyn}}.m.sg}}
| -or/{{sc|coo.conj.}}


| colspan="2" |''mana''
|{{blue|hit}}/{{sc|int.{{blue|mom}}.m.sg}}
 
| -or/{{sc|coo.conj.}}
| colspan="4"|''to see''
|-
|-
! colspan="9" |Verbal noun
<!-- Translations -->
|-
| colspan="3"|''He hit me''.
| colspan="9"|''menim''
!
|-
| colspan="3"|''He hit me once''.
! colspan="9" |Participles
!
|-
| colspan="5"|''Did he hit [you] once or several times''?/''Did he beat or strike [you]?''
! colspan="2"|Active
|}


| colspan="12"|''menayyim''
|-
! colspan="2"|Mediopassive


| colspan="12"|''munayyiz''
The momentane does however shine on a different area - most of the time, the momentane works like a [[w:perfective|perfective]], signifying past events, similarly to a [[w:preterite|preterite]] or a [[w:perfect|perfect]] tense and compound tense. This grants that the past tense is sometimes implied when using the momentane aspect.
|-
! colspan="8"|Evidentials
|-
! colspan="2"|Visual


| colspan="2"|''me-in''
It also signifies actions performed very quickly, especially in the present time.


! colspan="2"|Experiential


| colspan="2"|''ye-ga''
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''Ta amguh {{red|vite}} ta anzan.'''
!
| colspan="3"|'''Ta amguh {{red|vite}}.'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"| /taŋˈɡuɦ ˈwitɛ tanˈsan/
!
| colspan="5"| /taŋˈɡuɦ ˈwitɛ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>amguh</small>
|<small>{{red|vite}}</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>anzan</small>
!
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>amguh</small>
|<small>{{red|vite}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}}
|mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
|{{red|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{red|dyn}}.n.sg}}
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}}
|morning/{{sc|n.sg.ins}}
!
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}}
|mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
|{{red|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{red|dyn}}.n.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="5"|''The mouse squeaked (in the past)''. ({{sc|formal}})
!
| colspan="3"|''The mouse squeaked (''or'' squeaks, will squeak)''. ({{sc|colloquial}})
|}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|ʾevte}}.'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|ʾevte}} atmegan'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈʔɛwtə/
!
| colspan="5"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈʔɛwtə atˈŋ͡mœɡ͡bøn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>amguh</small>
|<small>{{blue|hevte}}</small>
!
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>amguh</small>
|<small>{{blue|hevte}}</small>
|<small>at-</small>
|<small>-mēgān</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}}
|mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
|{{blue|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{blue|mom}}.n.sg}}
!
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}}
|mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
|{{blue|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{blue|mom}}.n.sg}}
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} -
|time/{{sc|n.sg.ins}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
!
| colspan="3"|''The mouse squeaked''.
!
| colspan="5"|''The mouse squeaks/squeaked rapidly today''.
|}
===Evidentiality===
====Not who, not what, not where nor when. But how.====
{{quote
|text='''Men ti, men te, men tu, men utuge. Man atta'''.
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 57
|about= '''Not who, not what, not where nor when. But how.''' is an Attian saying by the grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The saying embraces scientific principles, emphasising that it is the manner and reason for an event that is key. The saying was for a long time praxis in Attian law, until the judiciary deemed it inefficient. The saying also plays with the Attian verbal grammatical system, since the language's verbs do not agree with person, tense and the like, but do use evidentials.
}}
A feature not previously used in examples, although almost essential to everyday communication in Attian, is '''evidentiality'''. The definition can be cited as the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists. Simply put; it marks the source of information the speaker has for his or her statement.
There are four evidentials in the Attian language, in addition to the use of no evidential at all. These are:
*'''Visual''' - used when there is visual evidence often by the speaker himself, that something has occurred.
*'''Nonvisual''' - used when there is other evidence than visual to support an occurrence. This might be sensory, olfactory or auditory evidence or the like.
*'''Hearsay''' - when an occurrence only can be confirmed through hearsay and that it may not necessarily be accurate.
*'''Quotative''' - the quotative has a higher degree of certainty then the hearsay evidential, used when citing a second or third hand source. Most often believed to be accurate and not open for interpretation.
The process in Attian is known as '''embedding'''. The evidentials are proper biliteral roots conveying their inherent information and are circumfixed on the conjugated verb. At times, they can be circumfixed on adverbs, adjectives and nouns as well.
====Visual and nonvisual====
Evidentials in Attian are typically used to convey information in the past tense, although it is not granted. Especially the visual and nonvisual evidentials have this implication.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''An anithariaʾ u amnat {{blue|m}}egizi{{blue|n}} ta uhdhan'''
!
| colspan="6"|'''Azayya ta {{blue|m}}etera{{blue|t}}'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="9"| /an anˈiθari̩aʔ ʊ aŋ͡mˈøt ˈŋ͡mœɡizin ta uhˈðan/
!
| colspan="6"|/aˈzajːa taˈtɛra/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>an</small>
|<small>anithariaʾ</small>
|<small>u</small>
|<small>amnat</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|me}}⟩</small>
|<small>egizi</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|in}}⟩</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>uhdhan</small>
!
|<small>aza</small>
|<small>-ayya</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|me}}⟩</small>
|<small>tera</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|at}}⟩</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|the/{{sc|def-art.f.sg.agt}}
|police/{{sc|f.sg.agt}}
|from.{{sc|latp}}
|we/{{sc|1.c.pl.loc}}
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.vis}}}}⟩
|go/{{sc|ind.dyn.f.sg}}
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.vis}}}}⟩
|the/{{sc|def-art.n.sg}}
|side/{{sc|n.sg.ins}}
!
|outside.{{sc|locp}}
|{{sc|ind.cop}}
|the/{{sc|def-art.n.sg}}
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.nonvis}}}}⟩
|cold/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.nonvis}}}}⟩
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="9"|''The police went past us''
!
| colspan="8"|''It is cold outside''.
|-
<!-- Alternative translations -->
| colspan="9"|Or: ''I saw the police go past us''
!
| colspan="8"|Or: ''It is cold outside, I felt''.
|}
====Hearsay and quotative====
The '''hearsay''' ({{sc|hear}}) and '''quotative''' ({{sc|quot}}) evidentials denot when an occurrence only can be confirmed only through hearsay and that it may not necessarily be accurate, or when used when citing a second or third hand source. Most often believed to be accurate and not open for interpretation. Compare the difference in the English phrases "''It is said''" and ''"I was told''".
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="6"|'''Amnva ta tenia {{blue|the}}mina{{blue|n}}.
!
| colspan="8"|'''Ta aruzayya mugayyir ta {{blue|the}}mega{{blue|n}}'''
!
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="6"| /aŋ͡mˈa taˈtɛni̩a ˈθɛŋinan/
!
| colspan="8"|/ta arˈusaʝːa ˈŋuɡaʝːir̥ tanˈθɛŋ͡mœɡ͡bønan /
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>amnva</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>tania</small>
|<small>{{blue|the}}-</small>
|<small>mina</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
!
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>aruz</small>
|<small>-ayya</small>
|<small>-mugayyir</small>
|<small>-tan</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|the}}⟩</small>
|<small>megan</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|an}}⟩</small>
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|you/{{sc|2.m.sg.agt}}
|{{sc|def.art.n.sg.}}
|movie/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩
|see/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩
!
|{{sc|def.art.f.ins}}
|rice/{{sc|n.sg.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.ind.}}
|done/{{sc|pcp.med}}
|{{sc|def.art.n.ins}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩
|present/{{sc|n.sg.ins}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="6"|''It is said you saw that movie''.
!
| colspan="8"|''The rice is supposed to be done '''now'''''!
!
|}
<br/>
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="7"|'''Magaziniyya an {{blue|ʾa}}tema{{blue|y}}'''
!
| colspan="8"|'''An aʾahagman niʾat thiya {{blue|ʾa}}gume{{blue|y}}amn '''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="7"|/ˈŋ͡møɡ͡bøziniʝːa anˈʔatɛŋ͡møj/
!
| colspan="8"|/anˈaʔahaɡŋan ˈniʔat ˈθiʝa ʔaɡuŋ͡mœʝaŋ͡m/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>magazi</small>
|<small>-ni</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>an</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|ʾa}}⟩</small>
|<small>tema</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|y}}⟩</small>
!
|<small>an</small>
|<small>aʾahagman</small>
|<small>niʾat</small>
|<small>thiya</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|ʾa}}⟩</small>
|<small>gume</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|ey}}⟩</small>
|<small>-amn</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|shop/{{sc|f.sg.ins}}
| -{{sc|prox.f.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.ind.}}
|{{sc|def.art.f.pat}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩
|good/{{sc|f.sg.pat}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩
!
|{{sc|def.art.f.ins}}
|deprivation/{{sc|f.sg.ins}}
|sleep/{{sc|f.sg.loc}}
|sickness/{{sc|f.sg.pat}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩
|go/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩
| -you/{{sc|2.m.sg.pat}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="7"|''This shop is great, I was told''.
!
| colspan="8"|''The sleep deprivation makes you sick, they say''.
|}
====Control and volition====
===Verbal patterns for single biradicals===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 80%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="9" |Verb
|-
| colspan="2" |''√{{sc|m-n}}''
| colspan="2" |''mana''
| colspan="4"|''to see''
|-
! colspan="9" |Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="9"|''menim''
|-
! colspan="9" |Participles
|-
! colspan="2"|Active
| colspan="12"|''menayyim''
|-
! colspan="2"|Mediopassive
| colspan="12"|''munayyir''
|-
! colspan="8"|Evidentials
|-
! colspan="2"|Visual
| colspan="2"|''me-in''
! colspan="2"|Nonvisual
! colspan="2"|Nonvisual


| colspan="2"|''ye-im''
| colspan="2"|''me-at''
|-
! colspan="2"|Hearsay
 
| colspan="2"|''the-an''


! colspan="2"|Reportative
! colspan="2"|Quotative


| colspan="2"|''the-in''
| colspan="2"|''ʾa-ay''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" "|Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" "|Person
Line 3,594: Line 4,034:
! style="width: 12%;"|Neutral
! style="width: 12%;"|Neutral


| style="width: 12%;"|''māna''
| style="width: 12%;"|''mana''


| style="width: 12%;"|''emāni''
| style="width: 12%;"|''emani''


| style="width: 12%;"|''mēne''
| style="width: 12%;"|''mene''


| colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''amnim''
| colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''amnim''


| style="width: 12%;"|''mēnum''
| style="width: 12%;"|''menum''
|-
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic
! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic
Line 3,630: Line 4,070:
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane


|''ramna''
|''ʾamna''


|''eramni''
|''eʾamni''


|''remne''
|''ʾemne''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ramnim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾamnim''


|''remnum''
|''ʾemnum''
|-
|-
! colspan="8" |
! colspan="8" |
Line 3,646: Line 4,086:
! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral
! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral


| style="width: 12%;"|''nimāna''
| style="width: 12%;"|''nimana''


| style="width: 12%;"|''nemāni''
| style="width: 12%;"|''nemani''


| style="width: 12%;"|''nemen''
| style="width: 12%;"|''nemen''


| colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''nimānim''
| colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''nimanim''


| style="width: 12%;"|''nimnum''
| style="width: 12%;"|''nimnum''
Line 3,658: Line 4,098:
! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic
! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic


|''nimān''
|''niman''


|''enimin''
|''enimin''


|''nimēn''
|''nimen''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''nimēnim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''nimēnim''
Line 3,682: Line 4,122:
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane


|''zamān''
|''ʾaman''


|''ezamin''
|''eʾamin''


|''zamēn''
|''ʾamen''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''zamnim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾamnim''


|''zemenum''
|''ʾemenum''
|-
|-
! colspan="8" |
! colspan="8" |
Line 3,702: Line 4,142:
|''emin''
|''emin''


|''mēn''
|''men''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mānim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mānim''


|''mēnum''
|''menum''
|-
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Negative
! style="height: 3px;"|Negative
Line 3,712: Line 4,152:
|''minin''
|''minin''


|''emānin''
|''emanin''


|''mēnni''
|''menni''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''amāni''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''amani''


|''amēnu''
|''amenu''
|-
|-
! colspan="8"|Mediopassive
! colspan="8"|Mediopassive
Line 3,758: Line 4,198:
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''uramna''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''uʾamna''


|''urumne''
|''uʾumne''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''urumnim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''uʾumnim''


|''uromnum''<sup>1</sup>
|''uʾomnum''<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! colspan="8" |
! colspan="8" |
Line 3,772: Line 4,212:
! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral
! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numāna''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numana''


|''numēne''
|''numene''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numānim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numanim''


|''numnum''
|''numnum''
Line 3,782: Line 4,222:
! style="height: 3px;"|Dyn-stat
! style="height: 3px;"|Dyn-stat


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numān''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numan''


|''numēn''
|''numrn''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numēnim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numenim''


|''numonum''<sup>1</sup>
|''numonum''<sup>1</sup>
Line 3,792: Line 4,232:
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''zumān''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾuman''


|''zumēn''
|''ʾumen''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''zumnim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾumnim''


|''zumonum''<sup>1</sup>
|''humonum''<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! colspan="8" |
! colspan="8" |
Line 3,808: Line 4,248:
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mun''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mun''


|''mōn''
|''mon''


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''munim''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''munim''
Line 4,067: Line 4,507:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh===
Swadesh list for some of the [[Attamian languages]].
*[[Attamian languages/Swadesh|Swadesh]]


==Pragmatics==
==Pragmatics==
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attamian]][[Category:Attian]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Attian]][[Category:Featured]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
{{Waahlis}}
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