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{{Featured
|featured banner=Etu ethnema ta etu anzan uʾummen. Maye ta goyotita, ta ethahama, veta vemaguma, uʾunme mumnayyir.}}
{{movedon}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Ta Athnai.png
|image = Ta Athnai.png
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Attian
|name = Attian
|nativename = Ta Athnai
|nativename = Athnai
|pronunciation = /ta aθ'nai̩/
|pronunciation = /aθ'nai̩/
|region = [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]
|region = [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]
|states = [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
|states = [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
Line 10: Line 14:
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Language isolate
|familycolor = Language isolate
|fam1 = [[Attamian languages|Attamian]]
|fam1 = Attamian
|fam2 = [[Attamian languages#Attno-Damian languages|Attno-Damian]]
|fam2 = Attno-Damian
|fam3 = [[Attamian languages#Attnic languages|Attic]]
|fam3 = Attic
|fam4 = [[Attian|Attian]]
|fam4 = [[Attian|Attian]]
|ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]]
|ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]]
|dia1 = Standard Attian
|dia1 = Standard Attian
|dia2 = Hayani
|dia2 = Hayani
|dia3 = Shemgani
|dia3 = Vittori
|map = Agartha.jpg
|map = Agartha.jpg
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]].
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]].
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|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''טַ אתנַי''', Latin: '''Ta Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/ta aθ'nai̩/]]) is a constructed, a priori and naturalistic language in the [[Attamian languages|Attamian family]] of languages, descended from the hypothetical [[Proto-Attamian]] language. It has no other purpose than to be an excellent display of my personal debauchery and pleasures.
'''Attian''' (''Attian Hevriti'': '''אתנְי''', ''Latin'': '''Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθ'nai̩/]]) is a constructed, a priori and naturalistic language in the Attamian family of languages, descended from the hypothetical Proto-Attamian language. It has no other purpose than to be an excellent display of my personal debauchery and pleasures.


The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office.
The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office.
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Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a  thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words.  
Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a  thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words.  


'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''טַ אתנַי''', Latin: '''Ta Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθˈnai̩/]]) is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''אתנְי''', Latin: '''Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθˈnai̩/]]) is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.


The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', '''חגרַוַ טַ חַיַזטַנ''') a Greek transcript of the languages in an around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:
The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', '''חגרְוְ טְ חְיְזטְן''') a Greek transcript of the languages in an around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:




Line 337: Line 341:


===Combinatorics===
===Combinatorics===
{{improvesection}}
====Syllable codas====
====Syllable codas====
These are the syllables allowed in coda position in both syllable and lexeme.
These are the syllables allowed in coda position in both syllable and lexeme.
Line 986: Line 991:


==Suprasegmentals==
==Suprasegmentals==
{{Improvesection}}
===Stress===
===Stress===
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], it's completely regular, however '''moraic'''. This means that the heaviest syllables are stressed, and the if the lexeme contains several equivalent syllables, the one second is emphasised.
{{quote
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected.
|text='''Ata migu. A, eironia.'''
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 92
|about= '''One and two - oh, the irony''' is an Attian joke pronounced /atˈaˈŋiɡʊ <nowiki>|</nowiki>ɛ.ir.on.ˈi̩a/, by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The joke illustrates how the stress in Attian always falls on the first or second syllable. However, in the words ''ata'', "first", and ''migu'', "and two", the stress ironically falls on the second and first syllables respectively. Even more ironic is the fact that the Greek loan word ''ironia'', "irony", is not stressed according to Attian rules.
}}


The morae of Attian are determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora:
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], Attian possesses a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]] which similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] follows a [[w:dreimorengesetz|dreimorengesetz]], three-morae-rule, which in this case dictates that '''the third mora is always stressed'''.  
*The existence of a syllable coda is self-written only in native words.
*A long vowel or diphthong.
*The existence of a syllable onset.


The Attian phonotactics dictate that a syllable, and thus also a lexeme, may be realised minimally as VC, hence always receiving a syllable coda.
The Attian phonotactics establish the following syllable structure:
The existence of a syllable onset substitutes over one mora and contrasts with null onsets:
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
:'''First syllable stressed'''
! colspan="5"|Initial Syllable Structure
*'''{{blue|am}}''' - «''blood''», /ˈaŋ/ (monomoraic)
|-
*'''{{blue|yam}}ina''' - «''come''», /ˈjaŋ.iːn.a/ (trimoraic-bimoraic-monomoraic)
|('''C''')
:'''Second syllable stressed'''
|('''C''')
*'''{{blue|yam}}nann''' - «''my coming''», /jaŋ.ˈnanː/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
|'''V'''
The existence of a geminated vowel or diphthong also reinforces the syllable weight:
|'''C'''
*'''yam{{blue|nay}}''' - «''his coming''», /ˈjaŋ.naj/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
|('''C''')
The following example details how geminate consonants actually are realised as double consonants in syllable boundaries.
|-
*'''yam{{blue|nan}}nayya''' - «''it is my coming''» /jaŋ.ˈnan.naj.ja/ (trimoraic-trimoraic-trimoraic-monomoraic)
! colspan="5"|General
|-
|('''C''')
|'''V'''
| colspan="2" |('''C''')/('''N''')
|('''N''')
|}


With these points considered, the conclusion is that the Attian emphasis always lies on either the first syllable, should the word commence with a consonant or diphthong, or on the second syllable, if the first phoneme is a vowel, or if both the initial and second syllables are equally heavy. This only concerns non-prefixed stems however. Stress in the Attian language is absolute and shows no inclination towards moving, regardless of any prefixing, unless the consonant template ischanged:
====Attian morae====
The weight of an Attian syllable is determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora. As it happens, the morae correspond to the three universal syllable segments:
*A syllable onset. ('''ω''')
**An onset is built up by consonants before the nucleus. The weight is not affected by the number of consonants.
*A nucleus. ('''ν''')
**The nucleus is mandatory and always composed of a diphthong or a vowel.
*A syllable coda. ('''κ''')
**A coda is composed of the consonants after the nucleus. The weight is not affected by the number of consonants.


*'''{{blue|gav}}a''' - «''to cut''» /ˈgaw.a/ → '''{{blue|ma}}gva''' - «''knife''», /ˈmag.wa/ → '''e{{blue|mag}}va''' - «''knife''» /ɛˈmag.wa/ not /ɛmˈag.wa/
The conclusions are:
*A syllable may be realised at the most as ('''ω + ν + κ'''). Each of these represent one mora, three altogether.
*The phonotactics say that an initial syllable is realised minimally as VC, thus always receiving a syllable coda, ('''ν + κ'''), giving two morae altogether.
*The minimal syllable possible is the sole nucleus, ('''ν'''), and it only occurs finally.


===Accent===
This leaves four possible combinations:
The Attian language has an inherent '''pitch accent''', simply called the '''accent'''. The accent is non-distinctive for minimal pairs, but is an essential part of the vowel articulation.
*('''ω + ν + κ''')
*('''ω + ν''')
*('''ν + κ''')
*('''ν''')


Stressed syllables differentiate two tones, often described as pitch accents, or simply accents. The actual realisations of these two accents would differ from dialect to dialect. In general, however, these accents are identified as ''high'' and ''low''. These terms are avoided and most often replaced with ''sharp'' and ''matte'', which is the general perception of the tones realisations, since the matte accent is characterised by a later timing of the intonational pitch rise as compared with the sharp accent.
Compare the following:


The pitch accents are suprasegmental realisations of the front-back value. The system is quite simple. Back and central vowels are commonly associated with the matte accent, leading most often to a lower tone [˨, ◌̀], whilst front vowels inherit a sharp tone [˦, ◌́].
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
 
Sequences of vowels are influenced of the preceding or following, stressed vowel accent, rendering front-back vowels with a high-falling tone [˥˩, ◌̂]. Conversely, back to front sequences get low-rising accents [˩˥, ◌̌].
 
*'''{{blue|a}}m''' - «''blood''», /ˈáŋ/
*'''{{blue|a}}zn{{red|ou}}''' - «''heat''», /ázˈnɤ̀/ → [ázˈnɤ̂]
*'''{{red|o}}m{{blue|a}}n''' - «''oman''», /ɤ̀ŋˈán/ → [ɤ̌mˈán]
 
In longer words, the distinctive pitch accent looses its strenght rendering most syllables with a normal, mid pitch [˧, ◌̄]. These vowels receive a vastly faster voiced onset time, and are pronounced very rapidly. An exception to this is should the final vowel be front valued, which gives a final rising tone.
 
*'''mathunum''' - «''speakers'' ({{sc|pat.pl.}})», [ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
*'''emathunum''' - «''these speakers'' ({{sc|prox.pat.pl.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
*'''emathunumann''' - «''these speakers of mine'' ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡mǎŋː]
 
Note that only the accent signature of the stressed vowel o ever transcribed, and that accent is ever distinguished in the most narrow transcriptions. This renders the final example like this:
*'''emathunumann''' - «these speakers of mine ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})»,  /ɛŋaˈθunuŋanː/ - [ɛᶢŋaˈθoʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː] - [ɛᶢŋaˈθòʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː]
 
===Prosody===
 
==Morphology==
:''See main article: [[Attian/Morphology|Attian morphology]]''
==Literals==
{{Improvesection}}
:''See also: [[Attian/Morphology|Attian morphology]], [[Attian#Nouns|nouns]] and [[Attian#Verbs|verbs]].''
The roots of verbs and nouns in the Attian language,  similarly to [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]], are characterised as consonant sequences or "radicals", forming a "template" into which vowels or morphemes may be inserted without affecting the basic root.
 
[[Image:Nonconcatenative-derivation-at.png|right|thumb|A diagram of an autosegmental representation of the Attian word ''yemzin'', "whisper"; an abstract nomalisation and diminutive of the root ''m-z-n'', "call".]]
 
The radicals of the Attian lexicon and the corresponding paradigms are used to form verbal and nominal inflection, derivation and miscellaneous grammatical categories.
 
These vowels or morphemes, called '''transfixes''', are used in the formation of actual words from the abstract consonantal roots, or '''literals'''. A large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals, consisting of three radical consonants (although there are a number of uniliterals, a large amount of biliterals, and in some derivations also quadriliterals).
 
This Attian procedure is an unusual system of derivation. From any particular root various verb and noun stems may be formed, each with its own template (though there are few verbs where all stem patterns can be successfully applied). Roots are always presented in the following form: √''C-C-C''. Below are a few examples, of bi- and triliteral roots, in the first conjugational template.
 
{{At-radicals |1 = VCV |2 = CaCa |3 = aCCiC |4 = (e)CCeCaC }}
 
#The biliteral root √''th-g'', which approximates as "want", "desire".
#The triliteral √''g-m-m'' with the meaning "arrival", causative of to "come".
#One of the rare uniliterals; √''m'', which means "second", "following".
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 15px;"
|+
|+
<!-- Root-->
!Word
|'''√{{blue|th-g}}''' + CaCa
| colspan="2"|  '''zema'''
 
!
!
 
| colspan="2"| '''atna'''
|'''√{{blue|g-m-m}}''' + aCCiC
!
 
| colspan="3"| '''ethnema'''
|-
!Pronunciation
| colspan="2"| /ˈzɛŋ͡m.ø/
!
| colspan="2"|  /at.ˈna/
!
| colspan="3"| /ɛθ.ˈnɛŋ͡m.ø
|-
!Syllables
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>a</small>
!
|<small>at</small>
|<small>na</small>
!
!
 
|<small>eth</small>
|'''√{{blue|m}}''' + aCa
|<small>nem</small>
|<small>a</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Result-->
!Segments
| '{{blue|th}}a{{blue|g}}a'
|('''ω + ν + κ''')
 
|(ν)
!
!
 
|(ν + κ)
|'a{{blue|gm}}i{{blue|m}}'
|('''ω + ν''')
 
!
!
 
|(ν + κ)
|'a{{blue|m}}a'
|('''ω + ν + κ''')
|(ν)
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
!Morae
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |{{sc|v.act.ind.gn.m.sg}}
|1 + 1 + '''1'''
| + 1
!
|1 + 1
| + '''1''' + 1
!
|1 + 1
| + '''1''' + 1 +1
| + 1
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
!Translation
| «''to want''»
| colspan="2"|''house''
!
| colspan="2"| ''dog''
!
| colspan="3"|''language''
|}
Due to the restrictions in the phonotactics, a word may only be stressed on the first or second syllable, depending on where the third mora lies. The first syllable always totals at least two morae, and the second at least one.


!
This makes it possible to formulate a law to describe the Attian stress pattern:
*''If a word starts with a consonant, the first syllable is stressed. Should the word start with a vowel, the second syllable is stressed.''


| «''to arrive''»
=====Notes=====
This also grants that stress is not phonemic, as it does not differentiate any minimal pairs. Nor is it lexic, but the stress changes should any affixes be attached to the word. There are however a few words that do not follow the basic stress patterns - a few loan words. Examples:
*'''gorizi''' - /kor.ˈiz.i/ not /ˈkor.iz.i/
**''girl'' - from Greek "κορίτσι".
*'''gentagona''' - /k͡pœn.ˈtag.on.a/ not /ˈk͡pœn.tag.on.a/
**''pentagons'' - from Greek "πεντάγωνα".


!
====Effect on vowels====
:''For more information, go to [[Attian/Phonology]].''
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected.


|«''to follow''»
===Prosody===
|}


==Morphology==


This is the first introduction of the template glossing. Since the Attian language utilises transfixes, the glossing is made with a slash following the translated word, and the glossing thereafter. Circumfixes are marked with angle brackets. To clarify, here is a previous example:
===Radicals===


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
:''See also: Attian [[Attian#Nouns|nouns]] and [[Attian#Verbs|verbs]].''
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|  '''thanainn a{{blue|n t}}ajai'''


!
{{quote
|text='''Gva aguma anijat gnama.'''
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 5
|about= '''I know the root of evil''' is an Attian grammatical saying by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. With this proverb, he illustrates the grammatical source, or root, to the word meaning "evil", rather than the semantical one.
}}


| colspan="4"| '''gavann a{{blue|n g}}arya'''
The Attian language has an uncommon [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], where roots, or radicals, are inserted in a verb template. A root consists of a set of bare [w:consonant|]]s (usually two), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words.


!
The radicals of the Attian lexicon and the corresponding paradigms are used to form verbal and nominal inflection, [[w:derivation|derivation]] and miscellaneous grammatical functions,  similarly to [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]].


| colspan="4"| '''themine{{red|n th}}anya gva'''
[[Image:Nonconcatenative-derivation-at.png|right|thumb|A diagram of an autosegmental representation of the Attian word ''yemzin'', "whisper"; an abstract nomalisation and diminutive of the root ''m-z-n'', "call".]]
|-
These roots, or radicals, have an inherent meaning, which may be altered slightly depending on the vowels inserted between the bare consonants. Here are a few examples:
<!-- Pronunciation-->
*'''{{sc|m-n}}''' - concerns vision.
| colspan="4"| /ˈθanenː an taʝo/ → [ˈθanenː an ˈ{{blue|ⁿt}}aɣe]
*'''{{sc|θ-n}}''' - relating to speech.
*'''{{sc|g-ʾ}}''' - associated with horizontal movement.


!
The vowels or morphemes, called '''transfixes''', are used in the formation of actual words from the abstract consonantal roots, or '''radicals'''. A large majority of these consonantal roots are biliterals, consisting of two radical consonants (although there are a number of uniliterals, and an amount of triliterals).


| colspan="4"|  /ˈɡawanː an ˈɡaɹja/ → [ˈɡawanː an ˈ{{blue|ᵑɡ}}aɹɣa]
The Attian language distinguishes four different kinds of radicals:
*'''Uniliterals''' - Uniliterals consist of one, single consonant and are very uncommon. They only appear as particles or articles.
*'''Biliterals''' - Biliterals are composed of two consonants, and is the biggest group of radicals. It is divided into two types:
**'''Single biliterals''' - Single biliterals are the most common radicals in the Attian language. They consist of two bare consonants.
**'''Double biliterals''' - The double biliterals are derived from single biliterals. The two radicals are compressed into a consonant cluster, and a third radical is added.
*'''Triliterals''' - Triliterals are few, but also consist of derivations of biliterals. They have three bare consonants.


!
====Vowel patterns====
The Attian patterns of transfixes, "vowel patterns", are plentiful and most often rather irregular.  The patterns are diverse for nouns, but the verbs have more standardised forms; see the section on [[Attian#Conjugation|verbal inflexion]].


| colspan="4"| /θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa/ → [ θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa]
Some forms do not exist in combination with certain radicals - should the semantics or phonotactics forbid. At times, the meaning of some vowel patterns may coincide and create synonyms. One example is ''{{c|ethnema}}'', ''thenma'' and ''thina'', all meaning "language".
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightblubg mw-collapsible mw-collapsible " border="1" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="5" |Approximation of common transfixation patterns
|-
!
! Masculine
! colspan="2"| Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Alienable
|C₁aC₂a
|eC₁iC₂a
|C₁iC₂a
|C₁aC₂a
|-
! Inalienable
|C₁eC₂i
|eC₁C₂i
|C₁aC₂i
|uC₁C₂a
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
! Abstract
|<small>thanai</small>
|aC₁iC₂a
|<small>-nn</small>
|eC₁iC₂a
|<small> an</small>
|C₁iC₂a
|<small> tajai</small>
|C₁eC₂a
|-
! Concrete
|aC₁C₂a
|eC₁iC₂a
|C₁aC₂u
|aC₁C₂u
|-
|}
 
 
Above is a table of gender contrasting with characteristics. It displays a few of the vowel patterns, at least those that are predictable in form and meaning. Below are a few applications of the patterns on a few roots.
 
{| cellpadding="4"  style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 15px;"
|+
<!-- Root-->
|'''√{{blue|th-n}}''' + CaCu
 
!
 
|'''√{{blue|g-m}}''' + CeCa
 
!
 
|'''√{{blue|g-n}}''' + eCiCa
|-
<!-- Result-->
| '''{{blue|th}}a{{blue|g}}u'''


!
!


|<small>gava</small>
|'''{{blue|g}}e{{blue|m}}a'''
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small> an</small>
|<small>garya</small>


!
!


|<small>⟨th⟩emeni⟨n⟩</small>
|'''e{{blue|g}}i{{blue|n}}a'''
|<small>thanya</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|speech/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
|<small>Related to speech</small>
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
|the{{sc|.def.f}}
|badness/{{sc|pat.f.sg}}


!
!


|coffee/{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
|<small>Related to arrival</small>
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
|the{{sc|.def.f}}
|sweetness/{{sc|pat.f.sg}}


!
!


|⟨{{sc|rep}}⟩see/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}⟨{{sc|rep}}⟩
|<small>Related to knowledge</small>
|mouth/{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|agt}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translation-->
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="4"|«''I speak poorly''»
| ''mouth''


!
!


| colspan="4"| «''my sweet coffee''»
| ''arrival''


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''It is said that I see your mouth''»
|''wit''
|}
|}
Since the Attian language utilises transfixes, the glossing is made with a slash ⟨ / ⟩ following the translated word, and the glossing thereafter.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.
The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.


=====Patientive=====
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  


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!
!


| colspan="6"|'''enath{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
| colspan="6"|'''eta anth{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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!
!


| colspan="6"|/ɛnˈaθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
| colspan="6"|/ɛtˈa anˈθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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!
!


|<small>e-</small>
|<small>eta</small>
|<small>nath</small>
|<small>anth</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>atn</small>
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!
!


|{{sc|prox}}-
|this/{{sc|prox.sg.m}}
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}}
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
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|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"| «''I trip''»
| colspan="2"| ''I trip''


!
!


| colspan="4"| «''You trip me''»
| colspan="4"| ''You trip me''


!
!


| colspan="6"|«''This man sees a dog''»
| colspan="6"|''This man sees a dog''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|«''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of»
| colspan="2"|''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''I am being spoken of''»
| colspan="3"|''I am being spoken of''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''The cat is eating itself''»
| colspan="4"|''The cat is eating itself''




!
!


| colspan="4"|«''The cat is being eaten''»
| colspan="4"|''The cat is being eaten''
|}
|}
=====Agentative=====
[[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
[[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  
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|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋaŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋ͡møŋ͡m/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋa/
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋ͡mø/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋaŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋ͡møŋ͡m/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aˈŋ͡ma haŋ/  
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa haŋ/  
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|«''You are breathing.'' »<br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small>
| colspan="2"|''You are breathing.'' <br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small>


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''You are breathing.''»<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small>
| colspan="3"|''You are breathing.''<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small>


!
!


| colspan="2"|«''Breathe!'' »<br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small>
| colspan="2"|''Breathe!'' <br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small>


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''Breathe!''»<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small>
| colspan="3"|''Breathe!''<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small>
|}
|}


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|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|«''You cook (something)''»
| colspan="2"|''You cook (something)''


!
!


| colspan="5"|«''You are cooking a squirrel''»
| colspan="5"|''You are cooking a squirrel''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''The bird flies''»
| colspan="4"|''The bird flies''
|}
|}


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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''gva va grammua cvenn{{blue|an}} gira'''  
| colspan="8"| '''gva va gramma genn{{blue|an}} gira'''  
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈɡr̥aŋ͡mu̩a ˈkwɛnːan ˈɡira/
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈkr̥aŋ͡mø ˈk͡pœœnːan ˈɡira/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>grammu-</small>
|<small>gramm-</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
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|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| «''I write the letter with a pen''»
| colspan="8"| ''I write the letter with a pen''
|}
|}


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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagāv{{blue|un}} aggim'''
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagav{{blue|un}} aggim'''


!
!
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gāva'''
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava'''


!
!
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|<small>magv</small>
|<small>magv</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>gāva</small>
|<small>gava</small>


!
!
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<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="7"| «''I cut bread with knifes''»
| colspan="7"| ''I cut bread with knifes''


!
!


| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»
| colspan="3"|''I am hit with stones''
|}
|}


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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|ān}}?'''
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|an}}?'''


!
!
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<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="5"| «''Are you with me?''»
| colspan="5"| ''Are you with me?''


!
!


| colspan="6"|«''I make it with you.''»
| colspan="6"|''I make it with you.''


!
!


| colspan="6"|Literary:«''I am with no hair.''» or «''I have no hair.''»
| colspan="6"|''I am with no hair.'' or ''I have no hair.''
|}
|}


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!
!


| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|ān}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|an}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|ān}}'''
| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|an}}'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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|<small>mumnayyiz</small>
|<small>mumnayyiz</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ān}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>


!
!
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|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ān}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="5"| «''I'm seen by you''»
| colspan="5"| ''I'm seen by you''


!
!
.
.
| colspan="3"|«''Discovered by me''»
| colspan="3"|''Discovered by me''


!
!


| colspan="4"|«''Me, I speak of myself.''»
| colspan="4"|''Me, I speak of myself.''
|}
|}


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There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants.  
There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants.  


====Don't blaim the stone====
====Don't blame the stone====
{{quote
{{quote
|text='''Men vathim vana'''.
|text='''Men vathim vana'''.
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 35
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 35
|about= '''Don't blaim the stone''' is a well known Attian saying, invented by the Attian grammarian Athanir t'Armavir. It's idiomatic meaning is that one should not blaim the tool when it is not the master of its own actions. It also carries grammatical significance, since the Attian language does not allow inanimate nouns to be the agent of a verb. An equivalent phrase in English would be: ''It isn't the gun that kills, but the one who pulled the trigger''.
|about= '''Don't blame the stone''' is a well known Attian saying, invented by the Attian grammarian Athanir t'Armavir. It's idiomatic meaning is that one should not blame the tool when it is not the master of its own actions. It also carries grammatical significance, since the Attian language does not allow inanimate nouns to be the agent of a verb. An equivalent phrase in English would be: ''It isn't the gun that kills, but the one who pulled the trigger''.
}}
}}
Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb.  Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.
Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb.  Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.
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===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, definite articles and third person personal pronouns. There is no distinction made, what so ever.
The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, and third person personal pronouns. There is no distinction made, what so ever.


The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''.
The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''.
====Distal demonstratives====
====Distal demonstratives====
The distal demonstratives, sometimes dubbed the ''normal'' demonstratives imply a relatively far distance way from the speaker, similarly to the English deictic "''that''", but they are also the default definite articles, like English "''the''" and third person pronouns. They also transform nouns to adverbs after verbs.
The distal demonstratives, in Attian grammar sometimes called ''functional articles'' or ''normal'' demonstratives imply a relatively far distance way from the speaker, similarly to the English deictic "''that''". The demonstratives have a range of functions:
 
*The instrumental forms transform verbal nouns to adverbs after verbs.
*The locative forms transform nouns to locational or directional adverbs after verbs.


It is important to note that null-coda articles are inverted and prefixed when preceeding a word with an onset. Thus for example ''ta'' → ''at-''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
|-
! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns
! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns
|-
|-
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! style="text-align: center;"|<small>Neuter</small>
! style="text-align: center;"|<small>Neuter</small>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Dependent</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''tu''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
| style="text-align: center;"|''an/va''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eʾ-''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
| style="text-align: center;"|''tim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
| style="text-align: center;"|''vim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eʾ-''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tev''
| style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Independent</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''ah''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eh''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ah''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahaʾ''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehiʾ''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahaʾ''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Instrumental</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Instrumental</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''tan/ta<sup>1</sup>''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''an''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehin''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tun/ta<sup>1</sup>''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehen''
| style="text-align: center;"|''itan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''anni''
| style="text-align: center;"|''in''
| style="text-align: center;"|''enni''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''henu''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''tut''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''vat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehit''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tat
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehet''
| style="text-align: center;"|''itat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''atti''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ivat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etti''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''hetu''
|}
|}
#The instrumental demonstratives may be identical to the agentive ones when preceeding adverbs.


====Proximal demonstratives====
====Proximal demonstratives====
The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the preceeding, original vowel. This has led to a great deal of irregularity in the demonstratives.
The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the original vowel. This has led to a great deal of irregularity in the proximals.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''etō''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etu''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evim''
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|''etut''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat
| style="text-align: center;"|''etut
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
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These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun.
These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun. Unless the word starts in a vowel, in that case, the demonstratives are preferrable.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"| '''eta zemā'''
| colspan="4"| '''etu nema'''


!
!


| colspan="3"| '''ezemā'''
| colspan="3"| '''enema'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ɛˈta ˈzɛŋø/
| colspan="4"|/ɛˈtʊ ˈnɛŋ͡mø/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/ɛˈzɛŋø/
| colspan="3"|/ɛˈnɛŋ͡mø/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>e-</small>
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>nem</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>


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|<small>e-</small>
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>zem</small>
|<small>nem</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|-
|-
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|{{sc|prox}}-
|{{sc|prox}}-
|this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}}
|this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}}
| house/{{sc|sg.n}}
| noun/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}


Line 2,963: Line 3,041:


|{{sc|prox}}-
|{{sc|prox}}-
| house/{{sc|sg.n}}
| noun/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}


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===Disjunctive pronouns===
===Disjunctive pronouns===
===Reciprocal pronouns===
===Reciprocal pronouns===
==Adjectives and adverbs==
The Attian language lacks simple modifiers in the traditional [[w:English|English]] sense. [[w:Adjective|Adjective]]s and [[w:adverb|adverb]]s do not exist. Instead, nouns and verbs are modified through the use of [[Attian#nouns|nouns]].
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
Attian adverbs are remains of system of [[w:cognate accusative|cognate accusative]]s which modiied verbal phrases. Now, it is a fairly simple system using a demonstrative and a noun.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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!
!


| colspan="3"| '''ta gānan gunun'''
| colspan="3"| '''ta genan gunun'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
Line 3,308: Line 3,392:


|<small>ta</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>gēnan</small>
|<small>genan</small>
|<small>gunun</small>
|<small>gunun</small>
|-
|-
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!
!


| colspan="3"| '''gva mugā'''
| colspan="3"| '''gva muga'''


!
!
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|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>mugā</small>
|<small>muga</small>


!
!
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| colspan="3"|'''Tu {{red|titann}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''Tu {{red|titann}}'''
!
!
| colspan="3"|'''Tu {{blue|hattann}}'''
| colspan="3"|'''Tu {{blue|ʾattann}}'''
!
!
| colspan="5"|'''Tu {{red|nitat}}ur {{blue|hatat}}ur?'''
| colspan="5"|'''Tu {{red|nitat}}ur {{blue|ʾatat}}ur?'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"| /tʊ ˈtitanː/
| colspan="3"| /tʊ ˈtitanː/
!
!
| colspan="3"|/tʊ ˈɦatːanː/
| colspan="3"|/tʊ ˈʔatːanː/
!
!
| colspan="5"|/tʊ ˈnitatur̥ ˈhatatur̥/
| colspan="5"|/tʊ ˈnitatur̥ ˈʔatatur̥/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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!
!
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>tu</small>
|<small>{{blue|hatta}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|ʾatta}}</small>
|<small>-ann</small>
|<small>-ann</small>
!
!
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|<small>{{red|nitat}}</small>
|<small>{{red|nitat}}</small>
|<small>-ur</small>
|<small>-ur</small>
|<small>{{blue|hatat}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|ʾatat}}</small>
|<small>-ur</small>
|<small>-ur</small>
|-
|-
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|hevte}}.'''
| colspan="3"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|ʾevte}}.'''
!
!
| colspan="5"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|hevte}} atmēgān'''
| colspan="5"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|ʾevte}} atmegan'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈhɛwtə/
| colspan="3"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈʔɛwtə/
!
!
| colspan="5"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈhɛwtə atˈŋ͡mœɡ͡bøn/
| colspan="5"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈʔɛwtə atˈŋ͡mœɡ͡bøn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 3,886: Line 3,970:
====Control and volition====
====Control and volition====


===Verbal patterns===
===Verbal patterns for single biradicals===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 80%; height: 100%;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 80%; height: 100%;"
|-
|-
Line 4,424: Line 4,508:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh===
Swadesh list for some of the [[Attamian languages]].
*[[Attamian languages/Swadesh|Swadesh]]


==Pragmatics==
==Pragmatics==
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attamian]][[Category:Attian]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Attian]][[Category:Featured]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
{{Waahlis}}
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