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Bźatga: Difference between revisions
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'''Bźatga''' (/ˈbʒatgɐ/) is an Indo-European language spoken by the | '''Bźatga''' (/ˈbʒatgɐ/) is an Indo-European language spoken by the people of ''Veśŕa'', or the ''Ensva Veśru'', an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean which includes ''Ǎĺêsa'' and its neighbouring islands in the Atlantic Ocean. According to the people of these islands, the language came with their ancestors from a land called ''Prêńa'' along with a knowledge of metalworking and the sacred horse. | ||
==Phonology and Orthography== | ==Phonology and Orthography== | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives follow the noun they qualify and agree with that noun in number and case. Adjectives belong to one of | Adjectives follow the noun they qualify and agree with that noun in number and case. Adjectives belong to one of three declensions much like those of nouns, according to the sound at the end of the word. There are no definite forms of adjectives. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="2;" | Decl. | ! rowspan="2;" | Decl. | ||
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular | ! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | 2 | ! align="center" | 2 | ||
| | | colspan="2;" align="center"| ''made'' | ||
| align="center"| ''maẑi'' | | align="center"| ''maẑi'' | ||
| align="center"| ''madva'' | | align="center"| ''madva'' | ||
| align="center"| "good" | | align="center"| "good" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center;" | 3 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''ćato'' | |||
|''ćatve'' | |||
| ''ćatva'' | |||
| "first" | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Comparison==== | ====Comparison==== | ||
The '''comparative''' adjective is formed by adding ''–ju'' to the stem, which undergoes iotisation where possible, e.g. ''maŕu'' "greater" < ''mara'', ''seńu'' "older" < ''sena'', ''doju'' "blacker" < '' | The '''comparative''' adjective is formed by adding ''–ju'' to the stem, which undergoes iotisation where possible, e.g. ''maŕu'' "greater" < ''mara'', ''seńu'' "older" < ''sena'', ''doju'' "blacker" < ''dovo''. Comparative adjectives are not inflected for case or number. | ||
The comparative may be followed by ''vra'' "than" and an GD singular or plural noun, e.g. ''maŕu vra teje'' "bigger than a house", ''vałģu vra ģeviẑi'' "more powerful than the gods". | The comparative may be followed by ''vra'' "than" and an GD singular or plural noun, e.g. ''maŕu vra teje'' "bigger than a house", ''vałģu vra ģeviẑi'' "more powerful than the gods". | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
====Cardinal==== | ====Cardinal==== | ||
The cardinal numbers occur before '''singular''' forms of nouns. Only '' | The cardinal numbers occur before '''singular''' forms of nouns. Only ''vona'' "one" is inflected for case. | ||
The lower numerals are: | The lower numerals are: | ||
* 1-10: '' | * 1-10: ''vona, da, ći, peudre, pepe, zveś, seća, oću, nava, dega'' | ||
* 11-19: '' | * 11-19: ''vonzega, dazga, ćizga, peǵzega, pepzega, zveźega, sećzega, oćzega, nauzega'' | ||
The decades from 20 to 100 are: ''vegŝi, ćigot, | The decades from 20 to 100 are: ''vegŝi, ćigot, pedrogot, pepgot, zveśgot, sećcot, oćcot, naucot, cata''. | ||
These are nouns which stand in the NASg. before a NASg. noun. ''Vegŝi'' is indeclinable and ''cata'' is a 1st declension noun; the others are all | These are nouns which stand in the NASg. before a NASg. noun. ''Vegŝi'' is indeclinable and ''cata'' is a 1st declension noun; the others are all 4th declension. | ||
Numbers like "26" or "69" are formed with the unit followed by the decade in the | Numbers like "26" or "69" are formed with the unit followed by the decade in the GDSg., e.g. ''zveś vegŝi'' "26", ''nava zveśgote'' "69". Nouns may be placed between the two numerals in the NASg., e.g. ''zveś vêra vegŝi'' "26 men", ''nava tei zveśgote'' "69 houses". | ||
====Ordinal==== | ====Ordinal==== | ||
Ordinal numbers are adjectives of the 1st declension, which behave like any other. They ordinals from 1-10 are: ''ćata, aĺa, ćića, peuǵa, pepda, | Ordinal numbers are adjectives of the 1st declension, which behave like any other. They ordinals from 1-10 are: ''ćata, aĺa, ćića, peuǵa, pepda, zveśda, sećveda, oćveda, naveda, degveda''. | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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* Present participle: ''ĕbôda'' (1st declension) | * Present participle: ''ĕbôda'' (1st declension) | ||
* Participle of necessity: ''bidoja'' | * Participle of necessity: ''bidoja'' | ||
====Other Irregular Verbs==== | |||
The following verbs exhibit some irregularity in their forms: | |||
* ''aća'' "to go" has the verbal stem ''au-'' | |||
* ''vêso'' (3rd declension) "to know" has the present stem ''vid-'' and the past stem ''vêzr-''. | |||
====Modal Verbs==== | |||
Modality is usually expressed with an auxiliary verb preceded by a verbal noun in the NAsg. Modal verbs are simply lexical verbs which conjugate regularly. The object of the main verb is expressed in the genitive, either with a GD noun or a genitive pronoun. | |||
The following are the main modal verbs: | |||
* '''''gala''''' "to be able" is used to express physical ability to do something, e.g. ''ma vela gałdetu'' "you can see me" | |||
* '''''ĺija''''' "to owe" is used to express duty or expectation, e.g. ''atreû aća ĺîdemi'' "I ought to go home" | |||
* '''''vêso''''' "to know" is used to mean "know how to", e.g. ''seba Bźatgu videje'' "they know how to speak Bźatga" | |||
* '''''adaja''''' "to allow" is used in the passive to mean "may" in the sense of having permission, e.g. ''barvuzdu eza adaidoreśi'' "you may eat the bread" | |||
* '''''laja''''' "to dare" is used in the same sense as English "dare", e.g. ''conezdu dĕźrova nălaideźńi'' "we dare not wake the dog" | |||
* '''''mjada''''' "to want, wish" is used to express desire, e.g. '' pa eja văleju Maĺgu aća mjadse'' "Maĺgu wanted to go to bed" | |||
The following modals work in a different way: | |||
* '''''avila''''' "will, wish" may be used to mean "want to" or "willing to". It is used with a genitive noun or a pronoun in a copula sentence along with a verbal noun, e.g. ''cana ma avila es'' "I want to sing" (lit. "singing is my will"), ''eśteza avila Źatne es'' "Źatne wants to sit down". | |||
* '''''ẑira''''' "necessary" is used to express "need to" or "must". It is used in a copula sentence with a verbal noun, with the 'subject' expressed with ''pa'' "to" and the dative of a noun or pronoun, e.g. ''pa ju vela ẑira es'' "he needs to see" (lit. "seeing is necessary to him"), ''advańa ẑira es pa Vêźenu'' "Vêźena must understand". | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||