Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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[[Proto-Talmic/Themsarian|Themsárimai: '''Gávthens tálsmimens''']]
{{construction}}
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].


The '''Talmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Gamedan languages|Gamedan]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal''').
* PET
==Phylogeny==
** Talmic
{{clade
*** [[Tigol]]
    |label1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]]
**** [[Eevo]]
    |1={{clade
**** [[Anbirese]]
    |1=[[Nurian]]
**** Ciètian
    |2=[[Qelorian]] (Italian analogue)
    |3=[[Bênôcian]]
    |4=Arabic dialect-ish
      }}
    |label2=[[T-Talmic languages]]
    |2={{clade
    |1=[[Andarin]]
      }}
    }}


==Characteristics==
== Syntax ==
The historical Talmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent:
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
*conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions (e.g. definiteness, possessedness, predicative/attributive, generic/specific)
*rigidly head-initial word order
**verb-initial clauses; modern Talmic languages are topic-prominent and thus have V2 independent clauses and verb-initial dependent clauses.
*heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents
**some descendants eventually creep toward being polysynthetic, supplanting former finite verbs with possessed infinitives/participles of complex compound verbs, and predicative nouns
*[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object
*grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal)
*word order changes for topicalization and focusing
*More recent Talmic languages have honorific systems developed from abstract nouns in the feminine gender. Therefore former feminine pronouns and verbs develop into honorific markers.


Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include:
== Morphology ==
*prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages.
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
*Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ / V_V and V_#, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language).
*Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into spirants.
*Conflation of non-labialized and labialized dorsal stops, and preservation of the velar-uvular distinction.
**Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however.
*The shift of ''*s'' into ''*h'' and subsequent assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talmic.
*Some metathesis occurred too.


==Proto-Talmic phonology==
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
*qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q'
*p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ
*s > h
*c > s
*ƛ > t
*z > r / V_
===Consonant inventory===
====Pyr Chilse model====
The following is the Proto-Talmic consonant system as conjectured by Núrian Talmicist Dozīr pyr Chilse: he surmised that Proto-Quame ejective series had turned into an aspirated series in PTal, which has spirantized in daughter languages. This reconstruction is now considered obsolete.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
==History of Talmic studies==
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (pyr Chlʰíse)
===History of the term===
|-
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.
! colspan="2" |
 
!  |Labial
==Todo==
!  |Alveolar
*''-nəm'' = patientive
!  |Lateral
*''sθan-'' = gather
!  |Palatal
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
!  |Velar
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
!  |Labiovelar
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?
!  |Uvular
 
!  |Glottal
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
|-
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
| *m
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *t
| *ƛ
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
| *λ
|
| *g
| *gʷ
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| *pʰ
| *tʰ
| *ƛʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *kʷʰ
| *qʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł
|
|
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *ḽ
|
|
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
| *l
| *j
|
| *w
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


====Guànitzhùtł model====
Change 1pl.ex from m to b
Xamùz Guànitzhùtł revised the pyr Chlʰíse model, positing that the ejective-to-spirant shift had occurred earlier (probably ejective plosives ~ ejective affricates > affricates > fricatives); she noted the inconsistency of evidence for aspirated stops at any stage of Talmic languages.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
==Phonology==
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Guànitzhùtł)
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Uvular
!  |Uvular
!  |Labiouvular
!  |Glottal
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
Line 165: Line 59:
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 172: Line 67:
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
|
| *θ
| *t
| *t
|
|
|
| *k
| *k
| *kʷ
| *kʷ
| *q
| *q
| *ʔ
| *qʷ
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *δ
| *d
| *d
|
|  
|  
| *g
| *g
| *gʷ
| *gʷ
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 193: Line 90:
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *φ
| *ɸ
| *s, *θ
|
| *ł
| *s
|  
| [x]
|
| [χ]
|  
|  
| *x
| *xʷ
| *χ
| *h
| *h
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| *z, *ð
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
|  
|  
| *l
| *l
| *j
| *r
| *y
|  
|  
| *w
| *w
|   
|   
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
===Vocalic inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *e *ē
|
| *o *ō
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
Diphthongs:
*ai ei oi au eu ou
*āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu
==Proto-Talmic morphology==
===Nominal morphology===
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
===Pronominal morphology===
Proto-Talmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
====Full personal pronouns====
====Possessive suffixes====
===Verbal morphology===
====Tense====
The Proto-Talmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems.
====Aspect====
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed:
*prospective ''*-eh-''
*inceptive ''*-lʁa-''
*cessative ''*-mbe-''
====Mood====
Proto-Talmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran).
====Thematic suffixes====
Proto-Talmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others.
*''*-īn'': basic verbs
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs
*''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs
====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="4" | Present/Non-past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|''-dir''
|''-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁ-sē''
|''-n-sē''
|-
!|2
|''-r''
|''-r-sē''
|''-l-sē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-''
|''-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi''
|''-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Simple past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|''-sid''
|''-mā''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar''
|''-nʔā'', ''-taq''
|-
!|2
|''-rʔe''
|''-rʔā''
|''-lʔā''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ā(-m)''
|rowspan="2"|''-ā-iri''
|''-ā-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ā-isi''
|''-ā-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Prospective
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-eh-īn''
|''-eh-dir''
|''-eh-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-eh-ʁsē''
|''-eh-nsē''
|-
!|2
|''-eh-r''
|''-eh-rsē''
|''-eh-lsē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-eh-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-eh-iri-''
|''-eh-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-eh-isi''
|''-eh-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsi''
|''-nsi''
|-
!|2
|''-h''
|''-rsi''
|''-lsi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Hortative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ti''
|''-dis-ti''
|''-mī-ti''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-ti''
|''-ns-ti''
|-
!|2
|''-ti''
|''-rs-ti''
|''-ls-ti''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ti''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti''
|''-ʁih-ti''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ti''
|''-tih-ti''
|-
!colspan="4" | Desiderative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ʔi''
|''-dir-ʔi''
|''-mī-ʔi''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsē-ʔi''
|''-nsē-ʔi''
|-
!|2
|''-r-ʔi''
|''-rsē-ʔi''
|''-lsē-ʔi''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ʔi''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ''
|''-ʁih-ʔi''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ʔi''
|''-tih-ʔi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Optative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-aʔ''
|''-dir-aʔ''
|''-mī-aʔ''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-aʔ''
|''-ns-aʔ''
|-
!|2
|''-r-aʔ''
|''-rs-aʔ''
|''-ls-aʔ''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-aʔ''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ''
|''-ʁ-aʔ''
|-
!|3.f
|''-is-aʔ''
|''-t-aʔ''
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Other verbal affixes===
===Vowels===
Other reconstructible affixes include:
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū
 
*''*-pe-'' potential (e.g. Thm. ''tacvéi'' 'know (a fact)' < ''tak-pe-īn'' 'be able to say')
*''*-re-'' passive
*''*-ina-'' causative, i.e. supply sb with sth to [verb]/a patient of [verb]
*''*-ska-'' causative
*''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix.
*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.
 
==Proto-Talmic syntax==
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages.
 
==Sound changes to Proto-Talmic==
 
==Sound changes from Proto-Talmic==<!--
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
|-
|+ '''Talmic consonant correspondences'''
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
|-
| '''*m'''  || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
|-
| '''*p'''  || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*b'''  || ''b'' || /b/ ||    ||    || /b/
|-
| '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ ||    ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*n'''  || ''n'' || /n/ ||    ||    || /n/
|-
| '''*t'''  || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ ||    || || /t/
|-
| '''*d'''  || ''d'' || /j/ ||    ||    || /d/
|-
| '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/    || /t/
|-
| '''*s'''  || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ ||  ||    /s/ || /s/
|-
| '''*z'''  || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ ||  || /z/ || /z/
|-
| '''*ł'''  || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|-
| '''*λ'''  || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || Ø
|-
| '''*ƛ'''  || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/  || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/  || /ts/
|-
| '''*k'''  || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/  || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*g'''  || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
|-
| '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*q'''  || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*ʁ'''  || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/
|-
| '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ ||    || || /l/
|-
| '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ ||    || /ʁ/ || /r/
|-
| '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ ||    || /f/ || /v/
|-
| '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ ||    ||  || Ø
|-
| '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ ||    ||  || Ø
|-
| '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø ||    ||  || Ø
|}-->
<!--
===to Snaħħian===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
 
/ts dz/ > /st zd/
 
/ʁ/ > /ʁ/
 
/h/ > /ʔ/
 
/ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
 
/k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
 
/b d g/
*> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
*> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_
 
/p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
 
/pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/


[ð ɣ]
Diphthongs:
*> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
*> [ɦ] / _V[-front]


[β]
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
*> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
*> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#


<nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž
==Derivational morphology==
===Affixes===
Some derivational affixes are:
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
**Roshterian ''-iac''
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
**Roshterian ''-ait''


/l/ > /w/ / _C
====Ablaut patterns====


===to Tizian===
==Syntax==
*/w/ > /v/
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
*/ʁ/
== Gibberish ==
**> /w/ _C[-velar],
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
**> /ʕ/ otherwise
*/n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
*/l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
*/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
*/sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
*Stress accent develops from initial stress.
*/aː/ > /o/
*/eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
*/iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
*/ai ei/ > /ei i/
*/ç ʝ/
**> /ʃ ʒ/
*/p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
**_V[+high tone]
**_C[+fricative]#
-->


==Vocabulary==
*{{recon|''az-''}} telic
**Thm. ''ar-''/''as-''
***Núr. ''ar-'' superlative, intensive; ''s-'' telic


[[Category:Proto-languages|T]][[Category:Pfeuno-Kitelucquian languages|T]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 9 August 2022

Eta-Talmic/Lexicon
Eta-Talmic/Swadesh list

The Talmic languages (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ TAHL-mik) are a subfamily of the Quame languages, originally spoken chiefly in the Bitaleta region in the planet of Tricin.

Syntax

Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.

Morphology

Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify

Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.

History of Talmic studies

History of the term

The Talmic family was referred to as the "Kwēm languages" (Scellan: brits Cłeem) in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word cēm for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as Naquian, the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive
  • sθan- = gather
    • sθannəm = gathering
      • Skellan sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Change 1pl.ex from m to b

Phonology

Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *θ *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *δ *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s [x] [χ] *h
voiced *γ *γʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.

Vowels

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some derivational affixes are:

  • -nam (n.) = patient suffix
  • -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
    • What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
    • Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
  • -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
    • Roshterian -iac
  • -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
    • Roshterian -ait

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb.

Gibberish

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.

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