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{{privatelang}} {{construction}}
{{privatelang}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name=I Kronurum
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|pronunciation=ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=Unnamed conworld
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Seven Marks of Ifarka'' and some exclaves under their influence
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, ...) and some exclaves under their influence
<!--|speakers=
<!--|speakers=
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>𐌹𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌿𐍂𐌿𐌼</big>
|date=-->
|date=-->
|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=Ancient IK
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Old IK
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|ancestor4=Old IK
|-
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script1 = Latn
|script2 = Goth
|clcr=qkm
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of a larger conworlding project.
The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.


<br/>
<br/>
=Background=
=Background=
<br/>
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
 
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:
 
:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),
 
:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),
 
:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and


Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: ''Ancient IK'' (AIK), ''Old IK'' (OIK), ''Middle IK'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and ''Modern IK'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).
:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).


The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle-IK'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
 
 
The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.
 
:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.
 
The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}


The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called ''Igódánafáreþ'' ("Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
<br/>
<br/>


=Grammar=
=Grammar=


==In a nutshell:==
====In a nutshell:====


OSV
OSV
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'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.


====Umlaut and diphtongues by umlaut====
====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====
====Other diphtongues====
 
In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".
 
Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}
 
====Other diphtongs====
 
{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}
 
<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>
 
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
====Consonant inventory====
====Consonant inventory====


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| n
| n
|   
|   
| (ɲ)
| [ɲ]
| (ŋ)
| [ŋ]
|   
|   
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
| (β)
| [β]
| f
| f
| θ  ð
| θ  ð
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| ʃ
| ʃ
|  
|  
| x  (ɣ)
| x  [ɣ]
| h
| h
|-
|-
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| (ɬ)
| [ɬ]
|  
|  
|   
|   
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====Onset mutations====
====Onset mutations====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
|-
!0||1||2
!0||1||2
|-
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||p- /p/ ||f- /f/
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||b- /b/~/β/
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|j- /j/ ||jw- /jʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|-
|k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|-
|l- /l/ ||l- /l / ||lh- /ɬ/
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||w- /w/
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|-
|n- /n/ ||nw- /nʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|-
|s- /s/ ||þ- /θ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|-
|t- /t/ ||d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|-
|w- /w/ ||gw- /gʷ/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/
|}
|}


Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.


Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.


Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox-{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}


Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
===Phonotaxis===


===Other contextual phonological phenomena===


There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
====Syllable structure====


'''·''' -ren-rin- → -relin-
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.


'''·''' jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/, ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
====Sandhi====


'''·''' /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.


'''·''' -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-
<!-- | jw+u- /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] || sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/ ; of the sky ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/ -->
|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}


===Syllable structure===
====Allophony====


The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(N/R), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, ''N'', or a rhotic, ''R''.
Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:
 
1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,
 
2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,
 
3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and
 
4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]


==MORPHOLOGY==
==MORPHOLOGY==
Line 274: Line 407:
Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:
Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
|-
| √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || and || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|akk}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}
|}


In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is also preceded by a preposition.


====Grammatical case====
====Grammatical case====


{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).


'''· Genitive'''
:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}


Some older genitive compounds do ''not'' display the onset mutation of the second element that follows the genitive preposition ''ór''. For instance ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ vs. **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/, (i.e. "hiddenly worm", ''crysalis''). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations controversy''.


=====Declension particles and affixes=====
=====Declension particles and affixes=====
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| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1.  Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1.  Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
|-
| {{sc|akk}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
Line 313: Line 476:
====Grammatical number====
====Grammatical number====


Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective
[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]
 


=====· Plural marking=====
=====· Plural marking=====
Line 321: Line 485:
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɐi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||  
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||  
Line 327: Line 491:
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbai̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||  
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||  
Line 339: Line 503:


- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.
- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.


====Other forms====
====Other forms====
Line 368: Line 533:
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || - || || ||  
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
Line 374: Line 539:
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
|-
| - || || ||  
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
|-
| Indefinite || - || || ||  
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}
|}


Line 484: Line 649:
Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.
Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.


====· Comparatives====
====Relatives: comparative and equative====


'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''


Comparative constructions have the ''compared-to'' term affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp}} ''-(a)los''. In this case, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus compared-to noun or noun phrase). The adjective is prefixed with ''de-'', from ''det''.
In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).


{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || Suffix || From ''losi'' (adj.) “(to be) the other”
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 497: Line 663:
{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle || ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x'' (adj.)
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 503: Line 669:
The structure of the comparative construction is:
The structure of the comparative construction is:


{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; <!--text-align:center;-->"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; <!--text-align:center;-->"
|-
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
Line 509: Line 675:
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|-
| || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 515: Line 681:
For example:
For example:


{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
Line 529: Line 695:
|}
|}


====· Superlatives====
'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''


Superlative forms are marked as follows:
''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''
 
Relative forms use the following affixes:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Superlative form !! Example
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || - ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹dette› || rowspan="2"|/de̞.tːɘ/ || rowspan="2"| (dette < det-det)
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
|-
| - || || ||  
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|-
| Indefinite || - ||  ||  ||
|}
|}


===Verbal morphology===
====Superlatives====


Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
Superlative forms are marked as follows:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}
|}


====Verb conjugation paradigms====
====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''=====


Consonant theme; mostly verbs of movement.
For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
|-
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nura
| þar √-nura
| ë-nura
| þar √´-nura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
|}
| √-neþan
 
| þar √-neþan
====Colour terms====
| √´-neþan
 
| þar √´-neþan
Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc  colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.
|-
 
! rowspan="3"| 3
All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.
! {{sc|anim}}
 
| √-naran
The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").
| þar √-naran
 
| ë-naran
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
| þar √´-naran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
| √-nera
| þar √-nera
| ë-nera
| þar √´-nera
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
| √-nturan
| þar √-nturan
| ë-nturan
| þar √´-nturan
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
| √-nurtan
| þar √-nurtan
| ë-nurtan
| þar √´-nurtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
| √-néþan
| þar √-néþan
| √´-néþan
| þar √´-néþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náran
| þar √-náran
| √´-náran
| þar √´-náran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ... || || || ||  
| √-néren
| þar √-néren
| √´-néren
| þar √´-néren
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
| √-nturan
| þar √-nturan
| ë-nturan
| þar √´-nturan
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nur
| þar √-nur
| ë-nur
| þar √´-nur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
| √-neþ
| þar √-neþ
| √´-neþ
| þar √´-neþ
| √-neþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-nara
| þar √-nara
| ë-nara
| þar √´-nara
| rowspan="3"| √-niri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
|}
| √-nere
 
| þar √-nere
===Verbal morphology===
| ë-nere
 
| þar √´-nere
Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
| √-ntur
| þar √-ntur
| ë-ntur
| þar √´-ntur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}
 
====Verb conjugation paradigms====
 
There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:
 
:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',
 
:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',
 
::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',
 
:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',
 
:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',
 
:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.
 
The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:
 
{|
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|
| √-nurtu
 
| þar √-nurtu
|
| ë-nurtu
| þar √´-nurtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
|}
| √-néþu
 
| þar √-néþu
For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].
| √´-néþu
 
| þar √´-néþu
====Verbal aspect markers====
| √-néþur
 
Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! {{sc|anim}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
| √-náru
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
| þar √-náru
! rowspan="2"| Notes
| √´-náru
| þar √´-náru
| rowspan="3"| √-níri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! {{sc|consonant}}
| √-nére
! {{sc|vowel}}
| þar √-nére
| √´-nére
| þar √´-nére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| Continuous
| √-nturu
| {{sc|cont}}
| þar √-nturu
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ë-nturu
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
| þar √´-nturu
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| Gnomic
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|gnom}}
|-
| [conjugated verb] ini
! colspan="2"| 1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| √-sur
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
| þar √-sur
| ë-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| Perfect
| √-set
| {{sc|perf}}
| þar √-set
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| ë-set
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| þar √´-set
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› <!--Auxiliar particle:-->
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| Imperfect
! {{sc|anim}}
| {{sc|imp}}
| √-sar
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| þar √-sar
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| ë-sar
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| þar √´-sar
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| Intensive1
| √-ser
| {{sc|int1}}
| þar √-ser
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| ë-ser
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| þar √´-ser
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| Intensive2
| √-þur
| {{sc|int2}}
| þar √-þur
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| √´-þur
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| þar √´-þur
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|}
| √-su
 
| þar √-su
 
| ë-su
====Particles and affixes====
| þar √´-su
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||  "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sárur
| þar √-sárur
| √´-sárur
| þar √´-sárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
| √-séru
| þar √-séru
| √´-séru
| þar √´-séru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
|-
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-nni
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-nuri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-nna
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Numerals and quantifiers===
====Numerals====
The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).


====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''=====
The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.


Mostly stative verbs
=====Cardinals=====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tura
| þar √-tura
| ë-tura
| þar √´-tura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
| √-teþan
| þar √-teþan
| √´-teþan
| þar √´-teþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
! {{sc|anim}}
|-
| √-taran
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
| þar √-taran
|-
| ë-taran
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
| þar √´-taran
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
| √-tera
| þar √-tera
| ë-tera
| þar √´-tera
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
| √-turan
| þar √-turan
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
| √-turtan
| þar √-turtan
| ë-turtan
| þar √´-turtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
| √-téþan
| þar √-téþan
| √´-téþan
| þar √´-téþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táran
| þar √-táran
| √´-táran
| þar √´-táran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
| √-téren
| þar √-téren
| √´-téren
| þar √´-téren
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tur
| þar √-tur
| ë-tur
| þar √´-tur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
| √-teþ
| þar √-teþ
| √´-teþ
| þar √´-teþ
| √-teþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-tara
| þar √-tara
| ë-tara
| þar √´-tara
| rowspan="3"| √-tiri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
| √-tere
| þar √-tere
| ë-tere
| þar √´-tere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
| √-ttur
| þar √-ttur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ttur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
| √-turtu
| þar √-turtu
| ë-turtu
| þar √´-turtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
| √-téþu
| þar √-téþu
| √´-téþu
| þar √´-téþu
| √-téþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táru
| þar √-táru
| √´-táru
| þar √´-táru
| rowspan="3"| √-tíri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
| √-tére
| þar √-tére
| √´-tére
| þar √´-tére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
| √-turu
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-tti
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-turi
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-tta
|-
|-
|}
|}


====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''=====
=====Ordinals=====


-
The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix ''-(j)os'' (derived from the superlative affix ''-jós''), with the form ''-os'' after plosives and fricatives and ''-jos'' after nasals and rhotics.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jogos || ˈjo̞.go̞s || 01, first
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || norjos || ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s || 02, second
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || anjos || ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s || 03, third
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittos || ˈʔi.tːo̞s || 04, fourth
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| style="background: #676767;"| || lurjos || ˈluɾ.jo̞s || 05, fifth
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || fitos || ˈfi.to̞s || 06, sixth
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþos || ˈʔei̯.θo̞s || 07, seventh
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|  
|  
|  
|  
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltos || ˈhe̞l.to̞s || 08, eighth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || ustos || ˈʔus.to̞s || 09, ninth
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || hórjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s || 10, tenth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog-(j)os || hórjogos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s || 11, eleventh
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor-(j)os || hórnorjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s || 12, twelveth
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-an-(j)os || hóranjos || ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s || 13, thirteenth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-itt-(j)os || hórittos || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s || 14, fourteenth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur-(j)os || hólurjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s || 15, fifteenth
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit-(j)os || hórfitos || ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s || 16, sixteenth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþ-(j)os || hóréþos || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s || 17, seventeenth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jolt-(j)os || hórjoltos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s || 18, eighteenth
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jost-(j)os || hórjostos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s || 19, nineteenth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jor-(j)os || jorjos || ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s || 20, twentieth
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
| rowspan="3"|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor-(j)os || jogór-jorjos || ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s || 21, twenty-first
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor-(j)os || norór-jorjos || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 22, twenty-second
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor-(j)os || anór-jorjos || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s || 23, twenty-third
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor-(j)os || ittór-jorjos || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s || 24, twenty-fourth
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor-(j)os || lurór-jorjos || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 25, twenty-fifth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor-(j)os || fitór-jorjos || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 26, twenty-sixth
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
| rowspan="3"|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor-(j)os || éþór-jorjos || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s || 27, twenty-seventh
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor-(j)os || heltór-jorjos || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 28, twenty-eighth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor-(j)os || ustór-jorjos || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 29, twenty-ninth
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
|  
|  
|  
|
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jonar-(j)os || jonarjos || ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 30, thirtieth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonar-(j)os || jogór-jonarjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 31, thirty-first
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jottag-(j)os || jottagos || ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 40, fortieth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottag-(j)os || jogór-jottagos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 41, forty-first
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolur-(j)os || jolurjos || ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 50, fiftieth
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur-(j)os || jogór-jolurjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 51, fifty-first
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jofit-(j)os || jofitos || ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s || 60, sixtieth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofit-(j)os || jogór-jofitos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s || 61, sixty-first
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| joþ-(j)os || joþos || ˈjo̞.θo̯s || 70, seventieth
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþ-(j)os || jogór-joþos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s || 71, seventy-first
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolt-(j)os || joltos || ˈjo̞l.to̯s || 80, eightieth
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolt-(j)os || jogór-joltos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s || 81, eighty-first
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"|  
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jost-(j)os || jostos || ˈjo̞s.to̞s || 90, ninetieth
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"|  
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jost-(j)os || jogór-jostos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s || 91, ninety-first
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"|  
|-
|-
|}
|}


=====Multiples=====
· '''n-times''' → '''numeral+ADV'''
“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''joguŕó'', simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''noruŕó'', double; ''anaŕó'', triple; ''ittaguŕó'', quadruple;


====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''=====
· '''n-times''' → '''NLZ+numeral+ADV'''
 
“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''ijoguŕó'', once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''inoruŕó'', twice; ''janaŕó'', thrice; ''jittaguŕó'', four times; etc.
 
====Quantifiers====
 
===Marking hierarchy===


-
====Nouns====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
|}
! {{sc|passive}}
 
! {{sc|active}}
====Verbs====
! {{sc|passive}}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|  
|  
|
|
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
|}
! {{sc|anim}}
 
|  
===Derivational morphology===
|  
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''
|  
 
|  
''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''
 
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]
 
''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''
 
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]
 
: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.
 
''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:
 
: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].
 
''Deverbal adjectives''
 
: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}
 
''Denominal adjectives''
 
: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''
 
: - “with” (''det-'')
 
: - “without” (''har-'')
 
: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”
 
:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”
 
 
====Derivational particles and affixes====
 
<br>
'''· Grammatical'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
|  
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
|  
 
|
''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
|
 
[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
 
= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.
 
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
|  
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
|  
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
<!-- | {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ? -->
! {{sc|anim}}
|}
|  
 
|  
'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''
|  
 
|  
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
|  
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
|
 
|
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
|  
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
|  
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|  
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
|}
! {{sc|anim}}
 
|
===Discourse particles===
|
<br>
|
 
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| rowspan="3"|
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|  
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
| rowspan="3"|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|  
|  
|  
|  
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||  
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||  
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||  
! {{sc|anim}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"|  
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"|  
|-
|-
|}
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
 
====Verbal aspect markers====
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
|-
| Continuous
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
|-
| Gnomic
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
|-
| Perfect
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||  
| {{sc|perf}}
<!--
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› <!--Auxiliar particle:-->
|-
|-
| Imperfect
| || nog || ˈno̞x || thence || (''hen-og'', "from-hence")
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
|-
| Intensive1
| || || || whence || (''_'', "from-where")
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
|-
| Intensive2
| || || || either || “''either A, or B''” (or → )
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
|-
| Attenuative
| || || || too ||  
| {{sc|atten}}
-->
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Particles and affixes====
===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====
 
 
===Proper nouns===
 
 
Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.
 
====Anthroponyms====
 
 
An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.
 
For example:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
{| class=""wikitable
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||  
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Marking hierarchy===
Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.


===Derivational morphology===
Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g.  Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g.  Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
====Derivational particles and affixes====
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.


====Toponyms====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}


''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.


[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.
 
= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
| {{sc|field}}
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
| -lól
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
 
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
| {{sc|forest}}
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fe̞i̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
|-
| {{sc|land}} || Region name || -får(k) || -/fɑɾk/ || suffix || From ''farka'', “earth”.
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|-
<!-- |  {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ? -->
|}
|}


====Demonyms====


'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''
==Syntax==


Word order per sentence type


''Derivation of nouns from verbs:''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}


{{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]


Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.


''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''
==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:


{{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective]
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;


dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.
'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular


===Discourse particles===
'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====


==Syntax==
===Leipzig-Jakarta list===


Word order per sentence type
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall ||  ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || géga || ˈgei̯.gɐ
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? ||  ||
|-
|who? ||  ||
|-
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Word order !! Marking !! Notes
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}} || -
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}} || -
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}} || -
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}} || -
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|Questions || - || - || Focus fronting
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}} || -
|}
|}


==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:


'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;
<!-- Swadesh list
{{swadesh
|nativename        =
|language          =
|I                =
|you (singular)    =
|he                =
|we                =
|you (plural)      =
|they              =
|this              =
|that              =
|here              =
|there            =
|who              =
|what              =
|where            =
|when              =
|how              =
|not              =
|all              =
|many              =
|some              =
|few              =
|other            =
|one              =
|two              =
|three            =
|four              =
|five              =
|big              =
|long              =
|wide              =
|thick            =
|heavy            =
|small            =
|short            =
|narrow            =
|thin              =
|woman            =
|man (adult male)  =
|man (human being) =
|child            =
|wife              =
|husband          =
|mother            =
|father            =
|animal            =
|fish              =
|bird              =
|dog              =
|louse            =
|snake            =
|worm              =
|tree              =
|forest            =
|stick            =
|fruit            =
|seed              =
|leaf              =
|root              =
|bark              =
|flower            =
|grass            =
|rope              =
|skin              =
|meat              =
|blood            =
|bone              =
|fat              =
|egg              =
|horn              =
|tail              =
|feather          =
|hair              =
|head              =
|ear              =
|eye              =
|nose              =
|mouth            =
|tooth            =
|tongue            =
|fingernail        =
|foot              =
|leg              =
|knee              =
|hand              =
|wing              =
|belly            =
|guts              =
|neck              =
|back              =
|breast            =
|heart            =
|liver            =
|drink            =
|eat              =
|bite              =
|suck              =
|spit              =
|vomit            =
|blow              =
|breathe          =
|laugh            =
|see              =
|know              =
|think            =
|smell            =
|fear              =
|sleep            =
|live              =
|die              =
|kill              =
|fight            =
|hunt              =
|hit              =
|cut              =
|split            =
|stab              =
|scratch          =
|dig              =
|swim              =
|fly              =
|walk              =
|come              =
|lie              =
|sit              =
|stand            =
|turn              =
|fall              =
|give              =
|hold              =
|squeeze          =
|rub              =
|wash              =
|wipe              =
|pull              =
|push              =
|throw            =
|tie              =
|sew              =
|count            =
|say              =
|sing              =
|play              =
|float            =
|flow              =
|freeze            =
|swell            =
|sun              =
|moon              =
|star              =
|water            =
|rain              =
|river            =
|lake              =
|sea              =
|salt              =
|stone            =
|sand              =
|dust              =
|earth            =
|cloud            =
|fog              =
|sky              =
|wind              =
|snow              =
|ice              =
|smoke            =
|fire              =
|ash              =
|burn              =
|road              =
|mountain          =
|red              =
|green            =
|yellow            =
|white            =
|black            =
|night            =
|day              =
|year              =
|warm              =
|cold              =
|full              =
|new              =
|old              =
|good              =
|bad              =
|rotten            =
|dirty            =
|straight          =
|round            =
|sharp            =
|dull              =
|smooth            =
|wet              =
|dry              =
|correct          =
|near              =
|far              =
|right            =
|left              =
|at                =
|in                =
|with              =
|and              =
|if                =
|because          =
|name              =
|languagecount    = 1
}}
-->


'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present active.
=Orthography=


=Orthography=
[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]


Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script.
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
|-
Line 1,707: Line 1,976:
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|-
|p||p||-||-||-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|-
|b||b||-||-||-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|-
|t||t||-||-||-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|-
|d||d||-||-||-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|-
|k||k||-||-||-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|-
|g||g||-||-||-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|-
|m||m||-||-||-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|-
|n||n||-||-||-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||-||-||-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||-||-||-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|-
|ɾ||r||-||-||-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|-
|f||f||-||-||-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|-
|θ||þ||-||-||-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|-
|ð||ð||-||-||-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|-
|s||s||-||-||-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|-
|ʃ||ś||-||-||-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|-
|h||h||-||-||-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|-
|w||w||-||-||-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|-
|j||j||-||-||-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|-
|l||l||-||-||-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|-
|ɬ||lh||-||-||-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
|-
|ɑ||a, å||-||-||The graphy ‹å› is used for the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-› to be pronounced as /ɑ/, which happens in a position in which ‹a› would be realized either as /a/ or /ɐ/
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|-
|i||i||-||-||-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|-
|e̞||e||-||-||-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|-
|o̞||o||-||-||-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|-
|u||u||-||-||-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|-
|u̹||ó||-||-||From an early long o vowel; AIK and OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br>


=Samples=
=Samples=
==Sentences==
===Sentences===


 
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
{| class="wikitable
|-
| colspan=6 | ‹''ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen''›
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
|-
| ó(r) || {b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
|-
| colspan=6 | "of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale)
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}
|}


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==Other samples==
 
===Other samples===
 
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):
 
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}
 
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):
 
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni
 
Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>
 
– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/
 
/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/
 
/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving
 
Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>
 
– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}
 
 
*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}
 
* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]
 
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}
 
 
 




I Kronurum has also taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]].


<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" &rarr; "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}
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[[Category:Conlangs]]
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