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{{privatelang}} {{construction}}
{{privatelang}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name=I Kronurum
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|pronunciation=ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Seven Marks of Ifarka'' and some exclaves under their influence
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence
<!--|speakers=
<!--|speakers=
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>𐌹𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌿𐍂𐌿𐌼</big>
|date=-->
|date=-->
|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=Ancient IK
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Old IK
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|ancestor4=Old IK
|-
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script1 = Latn
|script2 = Goth
|clcr=qkm
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.


Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: ''Ancient IK'' (AIK), ''Old IK'' (OIK), ''Middle IK'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and ''Modern IK'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:
 
:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),
 
:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),
 
:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and
 
:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).


The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle IK'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
 
 
The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.
 
:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.
 
The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}


The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called ''Igódánafáreþ'' (/ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/; "Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
<br/>
<br/>


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In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".
In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".


Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to MIK diphtongs:
Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ā› || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ā› || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹á› || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ē› || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ē› || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹é› || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ī› || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ī› || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹í› || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ō› || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ō› || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ó› || /u̹/~[ʊ]
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====Other diphtongs====
====Other diphtongs====


{| class="wikitable
{|  
|-
| ‹i.o› → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ‹oj› → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||  
|-
|-
| ‹ój› → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||  
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|  
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||  
|-
|-
| colspan="2"| <sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|-
|}
|}
<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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| n
| n
|   
|   
| (ɲ)
| [ɲ]
| (ŋ)
| [ŋ]
|   
|   
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
| (β)
| [β]
| f
| f
| θ  ð
| θ  ð
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| ʃ
| ʃ
|  
|  
| x  (ɣ)
| x  [ɣ]
| h
| h
|-
|-
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| (ɬ)
| [ɬ]
|  
|  
|   
|   
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====Onset mutations====
====Onset mutations====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
|-
!0||1||2
!0||1||2
|-
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||p- /p/ ||f- /f/
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||b- /b/~/β/
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|j- /j/ ||jw- /jʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|-
|k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|-
|l- /l/ ||l- /l / ||lh- /ɬ/
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||w- /w/
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|-
|n- /n/ ||nw- /nʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|-
|s- /s/ ||þ- /θ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|-
|t- /t/ ||d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|-
|w- /w/ ||gw- /gʷ/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|}
|-
 
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}


Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.


Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.


Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}


===Phonotaxis===
===Phonotaxis===
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====Syllable structure====
====Syllable structure====


The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(N/R), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, ''N'', or a rhotic, ''R''.
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.


====Sandhi====
====Sandhi====
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These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.
These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-
<!-- | jw+u- /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] || sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/ ; of the sky ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/ -->
|-
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -ro-rion → -rolion ||  
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
|-
| jw+u- /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] || sky=juska /ˈjus.kɐ/ ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
|-
| /u̜.j/→/ui̯/ || fish=strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.)=strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/g̊l/- || abágli / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/ || waŕtur /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → luaŕtur /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Allophony====
Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:
1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,
2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,
3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and
4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).
<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]


==MORPHOLOGY==
==MORPHOLOGY==
Line 332: Line 417:
====Grammatical case====
====Grammatical case====


{| class="wikitable
{| class=""wikitable
|-
|-
| • Nominative
| • Nominative
|-
|-
|The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
|-
| • Accusative
| • Accusative
|-
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and the . It is morphologically marked by the proposition tró (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}) is marked as suffixed to the noun, probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition tró triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
|-
| • Genitive
| • Genitive
|-
|-
| The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), posession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”), [...].
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).


It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
|-
| • Dative
| • Dative
Line 378: Line 463:
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1.  Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1.  Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
|-
| {{sc|akk}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
Line 679: Line 764:
====Colour terms====
====Colour terms====


Ikronurum has basic colour terms and standarized derived colour terms. Further ad hoc colour terms can be derived as well.
Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.


Derived colour terms are constructed using the word for colour, ''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/, in a genitive compound with the thing of the colour one wants to refer to, and marked with the adjectivizer suffix {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''. The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used with flavours and some attributes -e.g. strength- to convey the meaning of "having X“ of "being X“).
All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.


===Verbal morphology===
The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").
 
Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}
 
===Verbal morphology===
 
Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
Line 696: Line 809:
====Verb conjugation paradigms====
====Verb conjugation paradigms====


There are four basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}} y {{sc|iv}}).
There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:
 
:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',
 
:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',
 
::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',


While the table could be less redundant, it is meant to aid in the search for the correct suffix, thus presenting all forms already in the manner in which they should be applied.
:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',


The first vowels in the roots marked as "√´-" undergo umlaut (e.g. ''kronur'' /ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.ind.act}} → ''krónur'' /ˈkɾu̹.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.subj.act}}).
:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',


====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''=====
:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.


:Consonant theme; mostly verbs of movement.
The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
{|
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|
 
|
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
|}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
 
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
 
|-
====Verbal aspect markers====
! {{sc|active}}
 
! {{sc|passive}}
Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).
! {{sc|active}}
 
! {{sc|passive}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
|-
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! colspan="2"| 1
! rowspan="2"| Notes
| √-nura
| þar √-nura
| ë-nura
| þar √´-nura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! {{sc|consonant}}
| √-neþan
! {{sc|vowel}}
| þar √-neþan
| √´-neþan
| þar √´-neþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| Continuous
! {{sc|anim}}
| {{sc|cont}}
| √-naran
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| þar √-naran
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
| ë-naran
| þar √´-naran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| Gnomic
| √-nera
| {{sc|gnom}}
| þar √-nera
| [conjugated verb] ini
| ë-nera
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| þar √´-nera
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| Perfect
| √-nturan
| {{sc|perf}}
| þar √-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| ë-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| þar √´-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
|-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› <!--Auxiliar particle:-->
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nurtan
| þar √-nurtan
| ë-nurtan
| þar √´-nurtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| Imperfect
| √-néþan
| {{sc|imp}}
| þar √-néþan
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| √´-néþan
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| þar √´-néþan
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| Intensive1
! {{sc|anim}}
| {{sc|int1}}
| √-náran
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| þar √-náran
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| √´-náran
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
| þar √´-náran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| Intensive2
| √-néren
| {{sc|int2}}
| þar √-néren
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| √´-néren
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| þar √´-néren
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| Attenuative
| √-nturan
| {{sc|atten}}
| þar √-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| ë-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| þar √´-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
|}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
 
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 1
====Particles and affixes====
| √-nur
 
| þar √-nur
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
| ë-nur
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
| þar √´-nur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||  
| √-neþ
| þar √-neþ
| √´-neþ
| þar √´-neþ
| √-neþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-nara
| þar √-nara
| ë-nara
| þar √´-nara
| rowspan="3"| √-niri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
| √-nere
| þar √-nere
| ë-nere
| þar √´-nere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
| √-ntur
| þar √-ntur
| ë-ntur
| þar √´-ntur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|}
| √-nurtu
 
| þar √-nurtu
===Numerals and quantifiers===
| ë-nurtu
 
| þar √´-nurtu
====Numerals====
| n/a
 
The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).
 
The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.
 
=====Cardinals=====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! Morphology || < > || // ||  
| √-néþu
| þar √-néþu
| √´-néþu
| þar √´-néþu
| √-néþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náru
| þar √-náru
| √´-náru
| þar √´-náru
| rowspan="3"| √-níri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
| √-nére
| þar √-nére
| √´-nére
| þar √´-nére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
| √-nturu
| þar √-nturu
| ë-nturu
| þar √´-nturu
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| ë-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
| √-set
| þar √-set
| ë-set
| þar √´-set
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| ë-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| ë-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
| √-su
| þar √-su
| ë-su
| þar √´-su
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sárur
| þar √-sárur
| √´-sárur
| þar √´-sárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
| √-séru
| þar √-séru
| √´-séru
| þar √´-séru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-nni
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-nuri
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-nna
|-
|-
|}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
 
 
====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''=====
 
:Mostly stative verbs.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tura
| þar √-tura
| ë-tura
| þar √´-tura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
| √-teþan
| þar √-teþan
| √´-teþan
| þar √´-teþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-taran
| þar √-taran
| ë-taran
| þar √´-taran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
| √-tera
| þar √-tera
| ë-tera
| þar √´-tera
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
| √-turan
| þar √-turan
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
| √-turtan
| þar √-turtan
| ë-turtan
| þar √´-turtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
| √-téþan
| þar √-téþan
| √´-téþan
| þar √´-téþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táran
| þar √-táran
| √´-táran
| þar √´-táran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
| √-téren
| þar √-téren
| √´-téren
| þar √´-téren
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tur
| þar √-tur
| ë-tur
| þar √´-tur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
| √-teþ
| þar √-teþ
| √´-teþ
| þar √´-teþ
| √-teþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-tara
| þar √-tara
| ë-tara
| þar √´-tara
| rowspan="3"| √-tiri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
| √-tere
| þar √-tere
| ë-tere
| þar √´-tere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
| √-ttur
| þar √-ttur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ttur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
| √-turtu
| þar √-turtu
| ë-turtu
| þar √´-turtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
| √-téþu
| þar √-téþu
| √´-téþu
| þar √´-téþu
| √-téþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táru
| þar √-táru
| √´-táru
| þar √´-táru
| rowspan="3"| √-tíri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
| √-tére
| þar √-tére
| √´-tére
| þar √´-tére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
| √-turu
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
|}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
 
|-  
=====Ordinals=====
! colspan="2"| 1
 
| √-þur
The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix ''-(j)os'' (derived from the superlative affix ''-jós''), with the form ''-os'' after plosives and fricatives and ''-jos'' after nasals and rhotics.
| þar √-þur
 
| √´-þur
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! Morphology || < > || // ||  
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || jogos || ˈjo̞.go̞s || 01, first
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || norjos || ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s || 02, second
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || anjos || ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s || 03, third
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittos || ˈʔi.tːo̞s || 04, fourth
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || lurjos || ˈluɾ.jo̞s || 05, fifth
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || fitos || ˈfi.to̞s || 06, sixth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþos || ˈʔei̯.θo̞s || 07, seventh
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltos || ˈhe̞l.to̞s || 08, eighth
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ustos || ˈʔus.to̞s || 09, ninth
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || hórjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s || 10, tenth
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-tti
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog-(j)os || hórjogos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s || 11, eleventh
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-turi
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor-(j)os || hórnorjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s || 12, twelveth
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-tta
|-
|-
|}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-an-(j)os || hóranjos || ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s || 13, thirteenth
 
 
====={{sc|ii}}a. ''-dur''=====
 
:Attenuated verbs of the first class (''-t·nur'' → ''-dur'') are conjugated by analogy after the conjugation of the second class (''-tur'').
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-itt-(j)os || hórittos || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s || 14, fourteenth
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur-(j)os || hólurjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s || 15, fifteenth
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit-(j)os || hórfitos || ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s || 16, sixteenth
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþ-(j)os || hóréþos || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s || 17, seventeenth
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dura
| þar √-dura
| ë-dura
| þar √´-dura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jolt-(j)os || hórjoltos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s || 18, eighteenth
| √-deþan
| þar √-deþan
| √´-deþan
| þar √´-deþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jost-(j)os || hórjostos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s || 19, nineteenth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-daran
| þar √-daran
| ë-daran
| þar √´-daran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jor-(j)os || jorjos || ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s || 20, twentieth
| √-dera
| þar √-dera
| ë-dera
| þar √´-dera
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor-(j)os || jogór-jorjos || ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s || 21, twenty-first
| √-duran
| þar √-dduran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor-(j)os || norór-jorjos || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 22, twenty-second
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor-(j)os || anór-jorjos || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s || 23, twenty-third
| √-durtan
| þar √-durtan
| ë-durtan
| þar √´-durtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor-(j)os || ittór-jorjos || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s || 24, twenty-fourth
| √-déþan
| þar √-déþan
| √´-déþan
| þar √´-déþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor-(j)os || lurór-jorjos || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 25, twenty-fifth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáran
| þar √-dáran
| √´-dáran
| þar √´-dáran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor-(j)os || fitór-jorjos || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 26, twenty-sixth
| √-déren
| þar √-déren
| √´-déren
| þar √´-déren
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor-(j)os || éþór-jorjos || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s || 27, twenty-seventh
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor-(j)os || heltór-jorjos || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 28, twenty-eighth
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dur
| þar √-dur
| ë-dur
| þar √´-dur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor-(j)os || ustór-jorjos || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 29, twenty-ninth
| √-deþ
| þar √-deþ
| √´-deþ
| þar √´-deþ
| √-deþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jonar-(j)os || jonarjos || ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 30, thirtieth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dara
| þar √-dara
| ë-dara
| þar √´-dara
| rowspan="3"| √-diri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonar-(j)os || jogór-jonarjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 31, thirty-first
| √-dere
| þar √-dere
| ë-dere
| þar √´-dere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jottag-(j)os || jottagos || ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 40, fortieth
| √-ddur
| þar √-ddur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ddur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottag-(j)os || jogór-jottagos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 41, forty-first
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolur-(j)os || jolurjos || ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 50, fiftieth
| √-durtu
| þar √-durtu
| ë-durtu
| þar √´-durtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur-(j)os || jogór-jolurjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 51, fifty-first
| √-déþu
| þar √-déþu
| √´-déþu
| þar √´-déþu
| √-déþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jofit-(j)os || jofitos || ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s || 60, sixtieth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáru
| þar √-dáru
| √´-dáru
| þar √´-dáru
| rowspan="3"| √-díri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofit-(j)os || jogór-jofitos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s || 61, sixty-first
| √-dére
| þar √-dére
| √´-dére
| þar √´-dére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| joþ-(j)os || joþos || ˈjo̞.θo̯s || 70, seventieth
| √-duru
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþ-(j)os || jogór-joþos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s || 71, seventy-first
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolt-(j)os || joltos || ˈjo̞l.to̯s || 80, eightieth
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolt-(j)os || jogór-joltos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s || 81, eighty-first
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jost-(j)os || jostos || ˈjo̞s.to̞s || 90, ninetieth
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jost-(j)os || jogór-jostos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s || 91, ninety-first
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|}
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 1
=====Multiples=====
| √-þu
 
| þar √-þu
· '''n-times''' → '''numeral+ADV'''
| √´-þu
 
| þar √´-þu
“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''joguŕó'', simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''noruŕó'', double; ''anaŕó'', triple; ''ittaguŕó'', quadruple;
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 2
· '''n-times''' → '''NLZ+numeral+ADV'''
| √-þétur
 
| þar √-þétur
“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''ijoguŕó'', once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''inoruŕó'', twice; ''janaŕó'', thrice; ''jittaguŕó'', four times; etc.
| √´-þétur
 
| þar √´-þétur
====Quantifiers====
|-
 
! rowspan="3"| 3
===Marking hierarchy===
! {{sc|anim}}
 
| √-þárur
====Nouns====
| þar √-þárur
 
| √´-þárur
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
| þar √´-þárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|}
 
====Verbs====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-ddi
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-duri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-dda
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''


====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''=====
''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''


:[...]
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''
|-
 
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]
|-
 
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
 
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
''Nominalization of past participles''
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:
|-
 
! {{sc|active}}
: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].
! {{sc|passive}}
 
! {{sc|active}}
''Deverbal adjectives''
! {{sc|passive}}
 
|-
: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
 
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
''Denominal adjectives''
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 1
: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''
| √-runa
 
| þar √-runa
: - “with” (''det-'')
| ë-runa
 
| þar √´-runa
: - “without” (''har-'')
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
 
|-
: - verb:
! colspan="2"| 2
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
| √-reþan
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”
| þar √-reþan
 
| √´-reþan
:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”
| þar √´-reþan
 
|-
 
! rowspan="3"| 3
====Derivational particles and affixes====
! {{sc|anim}}
 
| √-ranan
<br>
| þar √-ranan
'''· Grammatical'''
| ë-ranan
 
| þar √´-ranan
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
| √-rena
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
| þar √-rena
 
| ë-rena
''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
| þar √´-rena
 
[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
 
= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.
 
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| ë-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
| √-runtan
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
| þar √-runtan
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
| ë-runtan
| þar √´-runtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
| √-réþan
| þar √-réþan
| √´-réþan
| þar √´-réþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
<!-- | {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ? -->
! {{sc|anim}}
|}
| √-ránan
 
| þar √-ránan
'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''
| √´-ránan
 
| þar √´-ránan
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
| √-rénen
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
| þar √-rénen
 
| √´-rénen
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
| þar √´-rénen
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
| √-rtunan
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
| þar √-rtunan
| ë-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-rur
| þar √-rur
| ë-rur
| þar √´-rur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
| √-reþ
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
| þar √-reþ
| √´-reþ
| þar √´-reþ
| √-reþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
|}
! {{sc|anim}}
 
| √-rana
===Discourse particles===
| þar √-rana
<br>
| ë-rana
 
| þar √´-rana
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| rowspan="3"| √-rini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
| √-rene
| þar √-rene
| ë-rene
| þar √´-rene
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
| √-rtur
| þar √-rtur
| ë-rtur
| þar √´-rtur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
| √-runtu
| þar √-runtu
| ë-runtu
| þar √´-runtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||  
| √-réþu
| þar √-réþu
| √´-réþu
| þar √´-réþu
| √-réþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránu
| þar √-ránu
| √´-ránu
| þar √´-ránu
| rowspan="3"| √-ríni
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
| √-réne
| þar √-réne
| √´-réne
| þar √´-réne
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||  
| √-rturu
| þar √-rturu
| ë-rturu
| þar √´-rturu
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| ë-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||  
| √-set
| þar √-set
| ë-set
| þar √´-set
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||  
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| ë-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| ë-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||  
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
| √-su
| þar √-su
| ë-su
| þar √´-su
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||  
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sánur
| þar √-sánur
| √´-sánur
| þar √´-sánur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
| √-sénu
| þar √-sénu
| √´-sénu
| þar √´-sénu
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
| √-þuntu
| þar √-þuntu
| √´-þuntu
| þar √´-þuntu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-ŕí
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-ruri
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-ŕa
|-
|-
|}
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
 
====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''=====
 
:Mostly verbs of some abstraction (e.g. derived causative verbs).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juna
| þar √-juna
| ë-juna
| þar √´-juna
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||
| √-jeþan
<!--
| þar √-jeþan
| √´-jeþan
| þar √´-jeþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| || nog || ˈno̞x || thence || (''hen-og'', "from-hence")
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-janan
| þar √-janan
| ë-janan
| þar √´-janan
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| || || || whence || (''_'', "from-where")
| √-jena
| þar √-jena
| ë-jena
| þar √´-jena
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| || || || either || “''either A, or B''” (or → )
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| ë-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| || || || too ||
-->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|}
| √-juntan
 
| þar √-juntan
===Deictics===
| ë-juntan
====Spatial deixis====
| þar √´-juntan
====Temporal deixis====
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 2
 
| √-jéþan
===Proper nouns===
| þar √-jéþan
 
| √´-jéþan
 
| þar √´-jéþan
Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
|-
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.
! rowspan="3"| 3
 
! {{sc|anim}}
====Anthroponyms====
| √-jánan
 
| þar √-jánan
 
| √´-jánan
An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
| þar √´-jánan
First names
|-
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
! {{sc|inan}}
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.
| √-jénen
 
| þar √-jénen
For example:
| √´-jénen
 
| þar √´-jénen
{| class=""wikitable
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| ë-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-jur
| þar √-jur
| ë-jur
| þar √´-jur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
| √-jeþ
| þar √-jeþ
| √´-jeþ
| þar √´-jeþ
| √-jeþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jana
| þar √-jana
| ë-jana
| þar √´-jana
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
| √-jene
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
| þar √-jene
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
| ë-jene
| þar √´-jene
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
|}
| √-jtur
 
| þar √-jtur
Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.
| ë-jtur
 
| þar √´-jtur
Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g.  Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g.  Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
|-
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
 
|-
====Toponyms====
! colspan="2"| 1
 
| √-juntu
 
| þar √-juntu
There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.
| ë-juntu
 
| þar √´-juntu
Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.
| n/a
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jéþu
| þar √-jéþu
| √´-jéþu
| þar √´-jéþu
| √-jéþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánu
| þar √-jánu
| √´-jánu
| þar √´-jánu
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
| √-jéne
| þar √-jéne
| √´-jéne
| þar √´-jéne
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| √-jturu
| -þåjn
| þar √-jturu
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ë-jturu
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
| þar √´-jturu
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| {{sc|town}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
| -þåjl
|-  
| -/θɑi̯l/
! colspan="2"| 1
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
| √-sjur
| þar √-sjur
| ë-sjur
| þar √´-sjur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|path}}
| √-sjet
| -års
| þar √-sjet
| -/ɑɾs/
| ë-sjet
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
| þar √´-sjet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjar
| þar √-sjar
| ë-sjar
| þar √´-sjar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|hill}}
| √-sjer
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| þar √-sjer
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
| ë-sjer
| þar √´-sjer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|valley}}
| √-śur
| -låjn
| þar √-śur
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| √´-śur
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
| þar √´-śur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| {{sc|chasm}}
| √-sju
| -luþ
| þar √-sju
| -/luθ/
| ë-sju
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
| þar √´-sju
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|cliff}}
| √-sjétur
| -hråjl
| þar √-sjétur
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| √´-sjétur
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
| þar √´-sjétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjánur
| þar √-sjánur
| √´-sjánur
| þar √´-sjánur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|sea}}
| √-sjénu
| -jår
| þar √-sjénu
| -/jɑɾ/
| √´-sjénu
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
| þar √´-sjénu
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|bay}}
| √-śunt
| -fjór
| þar √-śuntu
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| √´-śuntu
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
| þar √´-śuntu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| {{sc|port}}
|-
| -fjórd
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-jti
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| {{sc|beach}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-juri
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| {{sc|shore}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-ja
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
|-
|}
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
 
 
====Verbal aspect markers====
 
Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
| {{sc|land}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
| -får(k)
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
| -/fɑɾk/
! rowspan="2"| Notes
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
| {{sc|field}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
|-
| Continuous
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|forest}}
| {{sc|gnom}}
| -bågh
| [conjugated verb] ini
| -/bɑx/
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|grove}}
| {{sc|perf}}
| -båjg
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| -/bɑi̯x/
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› <!--Auxiliar particle:-->
|-
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|swamp}}
| {{sc|imp}}
| -kóg
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| -/kʰu̹x/
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
|-
| Intensive1
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|creek}}
| {{sc|int2}}
| -hel
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| -/he̞l/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Demonyms====


====Particles and affixes====
==Syntax==
 
Word order per sentence type


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||  "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}
|}


===Marking hierarchy===


===Derivational morphology===
Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''


==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:


''Derivation of nouns from verbs:''
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;


{{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]
'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular


'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.


''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''
===Leipzig-Jakarta list===


{{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective]
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.


dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 
 
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:
 
[-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].
 
 
====Derivational particles and affixes====
 
<br>
'''· Grammatical'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
 
''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
 
[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
 
= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.
 
|-
|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
|-
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|-
<!-- | {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ? -->
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|}
 
'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
 
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fe̞i̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|-
|}
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
 
|-
===Discourse particles===
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====
 
 
===Proper nouns===
 
 
Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.
 
====Anthroponyms====
 
 
An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either ocupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafn), amongst wich the oldest can be found.
 
For example:
 
{| class="wikitable
|-
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|-
|}
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
 
====Toponyms====
 
 
There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.
 
Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
|-
| {{sc|town}}
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
|-
| {{sc|path}}
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
|-
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|to fall ||  ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
| -jår
|-
| -/jɑɾ/
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
|-
| {{sc|port}}
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|land}}
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
| -får(k)
|-
| -/fɑɾk/
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
|-
| {{sc|field}}
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
|-
|}
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
 
|-
====Demonyms====
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||
 
|-
==Syntax==
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
 
|-
Word order per sentence type
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Word order !! Marking !! Notes
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}} || -
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}} || -
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}} || -
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}} || -
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|Questions || - || - || Focus fronting
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}} || -
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|}
 
==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:
 
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;
 
'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular
 
'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
 
===Leipzig-Jakarta list===
 
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|louse || géga || ˈgei̯.gɐ
|-
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|-
|to fall ||   ||  
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||  
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|what? || ||  
|-
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|who? || ||  
|-
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|}
|-
 
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
 
|-
<!-- Swadesh list
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
{{swadesh
|-
|nativename        =
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|language          =
|-
|I                =
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|you (singular)    =
|-
|he                =
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|we                =
|-
|you (plural)      =
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|they              =
|-
|this              =
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|that              =
|-
|here              =
|louse ||  ||
|there            =
|-
|who              =
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|what              =
|-
|where            =
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|when              =
|-
|how              =
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|not              =
|-
|all              =
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|many              =
|-
|some              =
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|few              =
|-
|other            =
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|one              =
|-
|two              =
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|three            =
|-
|four              =
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|five              =
|-
|big              =
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|long              =
|-
|wide              =
|one || jog || ˈjox
|thick            =
|-
|heavy            =
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|small            =
|-
|short            =
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|narrow            =
|-
|thin              =
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|woman            =
|-
|man (adult male)  =
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|man (human being) =
|-
|child            =
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|wife              =
|-
|husband          =
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|mother            =
|-
|father            =
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|animal            =
|-
|fish              =
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|bird              =
|-
|dog              =
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|louse            =
|-
|snake            =
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|worm              =
|-
|tree              =
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|forest            =
|-
|stick            =
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|fruit            =
|-
|seed              =
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|leaf              =
|-
|root              =
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|bark              =
|-
|flower            =
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|grass            =
|-
|rope              =
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|skin              =
|-
|meat              =
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|blood            =
|-
|bone              =
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|fat              =
|-
|egg              =
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|horn              =
|-
|tail              =
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|feather          =
|-
|hair              =
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|head              =
|-
|ear              =
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|eye              =
|-
|nose              =
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|mouth            =
|-
|tooth            =
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|tongue            =
|-
|fingernail        =
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|foot              =
|-
|leg              =
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|knee              =
|-
|hand              =
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|wing              =
|-
|belly            =
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|guts              =
|-
|neck              =
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|back              =
|-
|breast            =
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|heart            =
|-
|liver            =
|what? ||  ||
|drink            =
|-
|eat              =
|who? || ||  
|bite              =
|-
|suck              =
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|spit              =
|-
|vomit            =
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|blow              =
|-
|breathe          =
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|laugh            =
|-
|see              =
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|know              =
|-
|think            =
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|smell            =
|-
|fear              =
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|sleep            =
|-
|live              =
|}
|die              =
 
|kill              =
 
|fight            =
<!-- Swadesh list
|hunt              =
{{swadesh
|hit              =
|nativename        =  
|cut              =
|language          =  
|split            =
|I                =  
|stab              =
|you (singular)    =  
|scratch          =
|he               =  
|dig              =
|we               =  
|swim              =
|you (plural)      =  
|fly              =
|they              =  
|walk              =
|this              =  
|come              =
|that              =  
|lie              =
|here             =  
|sit              =
|there            =  
|stand            =
|who              =  
|turn              =
|what              =  
|fall              =
|where            =
|give              =
|when              =
|hold              =
|how              =
|squeeze          =
|not              =
|rub              =
|all              =
|wash              =
|many              =
|wipe              =
|some              =
|pull              =
|few              =  
|push              =
|other            =
|throw            =
|one              =  
|tie              =
|two              =
|sew              =
|three            =
|count            =
|four              =
|say              =
|five              =
|sing              =
|big              =
|play              =
|long              =
|float            =
|wide              =
|flow              =
|thick            =
|freeze            =
|heavy            =
|swell            =
|small            =
|sun              =
|short            =
|moon              =
|narrow            =
|star              =
|thin              =
|water            =
|woman            =
|rain              =
|man (adult male)  =
|river            =
|man (human being) =
|lake              =
|child            =
|sea              =
|wife              =
|salt              =
|husband          =
|stone            =
|mother            =
|sand              =
|father            =
|dust              =
|animal            =
|earth            =
|fish              =
|cloud            =
|bird              =
|fog              =
|dog              =
|sky              =
|louse            =
|wind              =
|snake            =
|snow              =
|worm              =
|ice              =
|tree              =
|smoke            =
|forest            =
|fire              =
|stick            =
|ash              =
|fruit            =
|burn              =
|seed              =
|road              =
|leaf              =
|mountain          =
|root              =
|red              =
|bark              =
|green            =
|flower            =
|yellow            =
|grass            =
|white            =
|rope              =
|black            =
|skin              =
|night            =
|meat              =
|day              =
|blood            =
|year              =
|bone              =
|warm              =
|fat              =
|cold              =
|egg              =
|full              =
|horn              =
|new              =
|tail              =
|old              =
|feather          =
|good              =
|hair              =
|bad              =
|head              =
|rotten            =
|ear              =
|dirty            =
|eye              =
|straight          =
|nose              =
|round            =
|mouth            =
|sharp            =
|tooth            =
|dull              =
|tongue            =
|smooth            =
|fingernail        =
|wet              =
|foot              =
|dry              =
|leg              =
|correct          =
|knee              =
|near              =  
|hand              =
|far              =  
|wing              =
|right            =  
|belly            =
|left              =  
|guts              =
|at               =  
|neck              =
|in               =  
|back              =
|with              =  
|breast            =
|and              =  
|heart            =
|if                =  
|liver            =
|because          =  
|drink            =
|name             =  
|eat              =
|languagecount    = 1
|bite              =
}}
|suck              =
-->
|spit              =
 
|vomit            =
=Orthography=
|blow              =
 
|breathe          =
[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]
|laugh            =
 
|see              =
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).
|know              =
 
|think            =
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|smell            =
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|fear              =
|-
|sleep            =
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|live              =
|-
|die              =
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|kill              =
|-
|fight            =
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|hunt              =
|-
|hit              =
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|cut              =
|-
|split            =
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|stab              =
|-
|scratch          =
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|dig              =
|-
|swim              =
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|fly              =
|-
|walk              =
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|come              =
|-
|lie              =
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|sit              =
|-
|stand            =
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|turn              =
|-
|fall              =
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|give              =
|-
|hold              =
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|squeeze          =
|-
|rub              =
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|wash              =
|-
|wipe              =
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|pull              =
|-
|push              =
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|throw            =
|-
|tie              =
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|sew              =
|-
|count            =
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|say              =
|-
|sing              =
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|play              =
|-
|float            =
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|flow              =
|-
|freeze            =
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|swell            =
|-
|sun              =
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|moon              =
|-
|star              =
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|water            =
|-
|rain              =
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|river            =
|-
|lake              =
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|sea              =
|-
|salt              =
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|stone            =
|-
|sand              =
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|dust              =
|-
|earth            =
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|cloud            =  
|-
|fog              =
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|sky              =
|-
|wind              =
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|snow              =
|-
|ice              =
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|smoke            =
|-
|fire              =
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|ash              =
|-
|burn              =
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|road              =
|-
|mountain          =
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|red              =
|-
|green            =
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|yellow            =
|-
|white            =
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|black            =
|-
|night            =
|}
|day              =
<br>
|year              =
 
|warm              =
=Samples=
|cold              =
===Sentences===
|full              =
 
|new              =
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|old              =
|-
|good              =
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|bad              =
|-
|rotten            =
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|dirty            =
|-
|straight          =
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|round            =
|-
|sharp            =
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|dull              =
|-
|smooth            =
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|wet              =
|-
|dry              =
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|correct          =
|-
|near              =
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|far              =
|-
|right            =
|}
|left              =
 
|at                =
<!--
|in                =
===Nominal declension themes===
|with              =
===Conjugational paradigms===
|and              =
====Consonant theme====
|if                =
-->
|because          =
 
|name              =  
===Other samples===
|languagecount    = 1
 
}}
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):
-->
 
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}


=Orthography=
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):


[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a gautification and a romanization]]
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni


Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "gautification" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).
Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
– Dogrili Gogrot}}
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/
 
/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/
 
/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
| Loving
 
Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>
 
– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|}
 
 
*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|}
 
* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]
 
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br>


=Samples=
===Sentences===
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·</big>
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| ‹''Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen''›
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}
<!--
===Nominal declension themes===
===Conjugational paradigms===
====Consonant theme====
-->
===Other samples===


*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):


{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| ''Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.''
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ŕi.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}


*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| ''Ór antarumen fárarumanóren''
|-
|''Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.''
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}


* "Story of Esro" (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]


{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}
<br>
<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
Line 2,836: Line 2,160:
! align=left|A verb:
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|-
|''gódånur''
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
Line 2,850: Line 2,174:
! align=left|A noun:
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|-
|''faltahlajrir''
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
Line 2,864: Line 2,188:
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|-
|''markówartáþan''
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
Line 2,881: Line 2,205:
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]
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