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|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|pronunciation=ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Seven Marks of Ifarka'' and some exclaves under their influence
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence
<!--|speakers=
<!--|speakers=
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>𐌹𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌿𐍂𐌿𐌼</big>
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>𐌹𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌿𐍂𐌿𐌼</big>
Line 22: Line 20:
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|script1 = Latn
|iso3=qkm
|script2 = Goth
|-
|clcr=qkm
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.


Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: ''Ancient IK'' (AIK), ''Old IK'' (OIK), ''Middle IK'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and ''Modern IK'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:
 
:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),
 
:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),
 
:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and
 
:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).
 
The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
 
 
The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.


The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle IK'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.
 
The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}


The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called ''Igódánafáreþ'' (/ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/; "Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
<br/>
<br/>


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====Onset mutations====
====Onset mutations====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
|-
!0||1||2
!0||1||2
|-
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||p- /p/ ||f- /f/
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||b- /b/~/β/
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|-
|j- /j/ ||jw- /jʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|-
|k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|-
|l- /l/ ||l- /l / ||lh- /ɬ/
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||w- /w/
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|-
|n- /n/ ||nw- /nʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|-
|s- /s/ ||þ- /θ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|-
|t- /t/ ||d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|-
|w- /w/ ||gw- /gʷ/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/
|}
|}


Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.


Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.


Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
 
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.


===Phonotaxis===
===Phonotaxis===
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These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.
These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-
|-
| jw+u- /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] || sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/ ; of the sky ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
<!-- | jw+u- /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] || sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/ ; of the sky ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/ -->
|-
|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
Line 321: Line 364:
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====Verb conjugation paradigms====
====Verb conjugation paradigms====


There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}).
There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:
 
:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',
 
:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',
 
::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',


While the table could be less redundant, it is meant to aid in the search for the correct suffix, thus presenting all forms already in the manner in which they should be applied.
:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',


The first vowels in the roots marked as "√´-" (i.e., "root+acute accent") undergo ''umlaut'' (e.g. ''kronur'' /ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.ind.act}} → ''krónur'' /ˈkɾu̹.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.subj.act}}).
:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',


====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''=====
:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.


:Mostly verbs of movement.
The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
{|
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|
 
|
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
|}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
 
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
 
====Verbal aspect markers====
 
Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! {{sc|active}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! {{sc|consonant}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nura
| þar √-nura
| ë-nura
| þar √´-nura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| Continuous
| √-neþan
| {{sc|cont}}
| þar √-neþan
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| √´-neþan
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
| þar √´-neþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-naran
| þar √-naran
| ë-naran
| þar √´-naran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| Gnomic
| √-nera
| {{sc|gnom}}
| þar √-nera
| [conjugated verb] ini
| ë-nera
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| þar √´-nera
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| Perfect
| √-nturan
| {{sc|perf}}
| þar √-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| ë-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| þar √´-nturan
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› <!--Auxiliar particle:-->
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| Intensive1
| √-nurtan
| {{sc|int1}}
| þar √-nurtan
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| ë-nurtan
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| þar √´-nurtan
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| Intensive2
| √-néþan
| {{sc|int2}}
| þar √-néþan
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| √´-néþan
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| þar √´-néþan
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
|-
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náran
| þar √-náran
| √´-náran
| þar √´-náran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| Attenuative
| √-néren
| {{sc|atten}}
| þar √-néren
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| √´-néren
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| þar √´-néren
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
|}
| √-nturan
 
| þar √-nturan
 
| ë-nturan
====Particles and affixes====
| þar √´-nturan
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||  
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nur
| þar √-nur
| ë-nur
| þar √´-nur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
| √-neþ
| þar √-neþ
| √´-neþ
| þar √´-neþ
| √-neþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-nara
| þar √-nara
| ë-nara
| þar √´-nara
| rowspan="3"| √-niri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
| √-nere
| þar √-nere
| ë-nere
| þar √´-nere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
| √-ntur
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
| þar √-ntur
| ë-ntur
| þar √´-ntur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|}
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 1
===Numerals and quantifiers===
| √-nurtu
 
| þar √-nurtu
====Numerals====
| ë-nurtu
 
| þar √´-nurtu
The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).
| n/a
 
The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.
 
=====Cardinals=====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! Morphology || < > || // ||  
| √-néþu
| þar √-néþu
| √´-néþu
| þar √´-néþu
| √-néþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náru
| þar √-náru
| √´-náru
| þar √´-náru
| rowspan="3"| √-níri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
| √-nére
| þar √-nére
| √´-nére
| þar √´-nére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
| √-nturu
| þar √-nturu
| ë-nturu
| þar √´-nturu
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| ë-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
| √-set
| þar √-set
| ë-set
| þar √´-set
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| ë-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| ë-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
| √-su
| þar √-su
| ë-su
| þar √´-su
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sárur
| þar √-sárur
| √´-sárur
| þar √´-sárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
| √-séru
| þar √-séru
| √´-séru
| þar √´-séru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-nni
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-nuri
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-nna
|-
|-
|}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
 
====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''=====
 
:Mostly stative verbs.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tura
| þar √-tura
| ë-tura
| þar √´-tura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
| √-teþan
| þar √-teþan
| √´-teþan
| þar √´-teþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-taran
| þar √-taran
| ë-taran
| þar √´-taran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
| √-tera
| þar √-tera
| ë-tera
| þar √´-tera
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
| √-turan
| þar √-turan
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
| √-turtan
| þar √-turtan
| ë-turtan
| þar √´-turtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
| √-téþan
| þar √-téþan
| √´-téþan
| þar √´-téþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táran
| þar √-táran
| √´-táran
| þar √´-táran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
| √-téren
| þar √-téren
| √´-téren
| þar √´-téren
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tur
| þar √-tur
| ë-tur
| þar √´-tur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
| √-teþ
| þar √-teþ
| √´-teþ
| þar √´-teþ
| √-teþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-tara
| þar √-tara
| ë-tara
| þar √´-tara
| rowspan="3"| √-tiri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
| √-tere
| þar √-tere
| ë-tere
| þar √´-tere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
| √-ttur
| þar √-ttur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ttur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
| √-turtu
| þar √-turtu
| ë-turtu
| þar √´-turtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
| √-téþu
| þar √-téþu
| √´-téþu
| þar √´-téþu
| √-téþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táru
| þar √-táru
| √´-táru
| þar √´-táru
| rowspan="3"| √-tíri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
| √-tére
| þar √-tére
| √´-tére
| þar √´-tére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
| √-turu
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
|}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
 
|-  
=====Ordinals=====
! colspan="2"| 1
 
| √-þur
The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix ''-(j)os'' (derived from the superlative affix ''-jós''), with the form ''-os'' after plosives and fricatives and ''-jos'' after nasals and rhotics.
| þar √-þur
 
| √´-þur
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! Morphology || < > || // ||  
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || jogos || ˈjo̞.go̞s || 01, first
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || norjos || ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s || 02, second
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || anjos || ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s || 03, third
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittos || ˈʔi.tːo̞s || 04, fourth
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #676767;"| || lurjos || ˈluɾ.jo̞s || 05, fifth
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #676767;"| || fitos || ˈfi.to̞s || 06, sixth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþos || ˈʔei̯.θo̞s || 07, seventh
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltos || ˈhe̞l.to̞s || 08, eighth
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || ustos || ˈʔus.to̞s || 09, ninth
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| style="background: #676767;"| || hórjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s || 10, tenth
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-tti
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog-(j)os || hórjogos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s || 11, eleventh
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-turi
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor-(j)os || hórnorjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s || 12, twelveth
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-tta
|-
|-
|}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-an-(j)os || hóranjos || ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s || 13, thirteenth
 
====={{sc|ii}}a. ''-dur''=====
 
:Attenuated verbs of the first class (''-t·nur'' → ''-dur'') are conjugated by analogy after the conjugation of the second class (''-tur'').
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-itt-(j)os || hórittos || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s || 14, fourteenth
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur-(j)os || hólurjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s || 15, fifteenth
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit-(j)os || hórfitos || ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s || 16, sixteenth
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþ-(j)os || hóréþos || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s || 17, seventeenth
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dura
| þar √-dura
| ë-dura
| þar √´-dura
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jolt-(j)os || hórjoltos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s || 18, eighteenth
| √-deþan
| þar √-deþan
| √´-deþan
| þar √´-deþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jost-(j)os || hórjostos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s || 19, nineteenth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-daran
| þar √-daran
| ë-daran
| þar √´-daran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jor-(j)os || jorjos || ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s || 20, twentieth
| √-dera
| þar √-dera
| ë-dera
| þar √´-dera
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor-(j)os || jogór-jorjos || ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s || 21, twenty-first
| √-duran
| þar √-dduran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor-(j)os || norór-jorjos || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 22, twenty-second
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor-(j)os || anór-jorjos || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s || 23, twenty-third
| √-durtan
| þar √-durtan
| ë-durtan
| þar √´-durtan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor-(j)os || ittór-jorjos || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s || 24, twenty-fourth
| √-déþan
| þar √-déþan
| √´-déþan
| þar √´-déþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor-(j)os || lurór-jorjos || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 25, twenty-fifth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáran
| þar √-dáran
| √´-dáran
| þar √´-dáran
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor-(j)os || fitór-jorjos || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 26, twenty-sixth
| √-déren
| þar √-déren
| √´-déren
| þar √´-déren
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor-(j)os || éþór-jorjos || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s || 27, twenty-seventh
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor-(j)os || heltór-jorjos || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 28, twenty-eighth
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dur
| þar √-dur
| ë-dur
| þar √´-dur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor-(j)os || ustór-jorjos || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 29, twenty-ninth
| √-deþ
| þar √-deþ
| √´-deþ
| þar √´-deþ
| √-deþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jonar-(j)os || jonarjos || ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 30, thirtieth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dara
| þar √-dara
| ë-dara
| þar √´-dara
| rowspan="3"| √-diri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonar-(j)os || jogór-jonarjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 31, thirty-first
| √-dere
| þar √-dere
| ë-dere
| þar √´-dere
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jottag-(j)os || jottagos || ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 40, fortieth
| √-ddur
| þar √-ddur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ddur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottag-(j)os || jogór-jottagos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 41, forty-first
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolur-(j)os || jolurjos || ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 50, fiftieth
| √-durtu
| þar √-durtu
| ë-durtu
| þar √´-durtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur-(j)os || jogór-jolurjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 51, fifty-first
| √-déþu
| þar √-déþu
| √´-déþu
| þar √´-déþu
| √-déþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jofit-(j)os || jofitos || ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s || 60, sixtieth
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáru
| þar √-dáru
| √´-dáru
| þar √´-dáru
| rowspan="3"| √-díri
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofit-(j)os || jogór-jofitos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s || 61, sixty-first
| √-dére
| þar √-dére
| √´-dére
| þar √´-dére
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| joþ-(j)os || joþos || ˈjo̞.θo̯s || 70, seventieth
| √-duru
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþ-(j)os || jogór-joþos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s || 71, seventy-first
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolt-(j)os || joltos || ˈjo̞l.to̯s || 80, eightieth
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolt-(j)os || jogór-joltos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s || 81, eighty-first
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jost-(j)os || jostos || ˈjo̞s.to̞s || 90, ninetieth
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jost-(j)os || jogór-jostos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s || 91, ninety-first
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|}
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 1
=====Multiples=====
| √-þu
 
| þar √-þu
· '''n-times''' → '''numeral+ADV'''
| √´-þu
 
| þar √´-þu
“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''joguŕó'', simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''noruŕó'', double; ''anaŕó'', triple; ''ittaguŕó'', quadruple;
 
· '''n-times''' → '''NLZ+numeral+ADV'''
 
“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''ijoguŕó'', once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''inoruŕó'', twice; ''janaŕó'', thrice; ''jittaguŕó'', four times; etc.
 
====Quantifiers====
 
===Marking hierarchy===
 
====Nouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
|}
| √-þéru
 
| þar √-þéru
====Verbs====
| √´-þéru
 
| þar √´-þéru
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-ddi
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-duri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-dda
|-
|-
|}
|}


====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''=====
===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''
 
''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''


:[...]
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''
|-
 
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]
|-
 
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
 
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
''Nominalization of past participles''
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:
|-
 
! {{sc|active}}
: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].
! {{sc|passive}}
 
! {{sc|active}}
''Deverbal adjectives''
! {{sc|passive}}
 
|-
: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
 
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
''Denominal adjectives''
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 1
: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''
| √-runa
 
| þar √-runa
: - “with” (''det-'')
| ë-runa
 
| þar √´-runa
: - “without” (''har-'')
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
 
|-
: - verb:
! colspan="2"| 2
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
| √-reþan
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”
| þar √-reþan
 
| √´-reþan
:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”
| þar √´-reþan
 
|-
 
! rowspan="3"| 3
====Derivational particles and affixes====
! {{sc|anim}}
 
| √-ranan
<br>
| þar √-ranan
'''· Grammatical'''
| ë-ranan
 
| þar √´-ranan
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rena
| þar √-rena
| ë-rena
| þar √´-rena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| ë-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runtan
| þar √-runtan
| ë-runtan
| þar √´-runtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-réþan
| þar √-réþan
| √´-réþan
| þar √´-réþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránan
| þar √-ránan
| √´-ránan
| þar √´-ránan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rénen
| þar √-rénen
| √´-rénen
| þar √´-rénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| ë-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
|-  
 
! colspan="2"| 1
''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
| √-rur
 
| þar √-rur
[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
| ë-rur
 
| þar √´-rur
= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.
| n/a
 
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
| √-reþ
| þar √-reþ
| √´-reþ
| þar √´-reþ
| √-reþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-rana
| þar √-rana
| ë-rana
| þar √´-rana
| rowspan="3"| √-rini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
| √-rene
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
| þar √-rene
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
| ë-rene
| þar √´-rene
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
| √-rtur
| þar √-rtur
| ë-rtur
| þar √´-rtur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
<!-- | {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ? -->
|}
 
'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
| √-runtu
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
| þar √-runtu
 
| ë-runtu
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
| þar √´-runtu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
| √-réþu
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
| þar √-réþu
| √´-réþu
| þar √´-réþu
| √-réþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránu
| þar √-ránu
| √´-ránu
| þar √´-ránu
| rowspan="3"| √-ríni
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
| √-réne
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
| þar √-réne
| √´-réne
| þar √´-réne
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
|}
| √-rturu
 
| þar √-rturu
===Discourse particles===
| ë-rturu
<br>
| þar √´-rturu
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-  
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| ë-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
| √-set
| þar √-set
| ë-set
| þar √´-set
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| ë-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| ë-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||  
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
| √-su
| þar √-su
| ë-su
| þar √´-su
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||  
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sánur
| þar √-sánur
| √´-sánur
| þar √´-sánur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||  
| √-sénu
| þar √-sénu
| √´-sénu
| þar √´-sénu
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||  
| √-þuntu
| þar √-þuntu
| √´-þuntu
| þar √´-þuntu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-ŕí
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||  
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-ruri
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-ŕa
|-
|-
|}
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
 
====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''=====
 
:Mostly verbs of some abstraction (e.g. derived causative verbs).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juna
| þar √-juna
| ë-juna
| þar √´-juna
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
| √-jeþan
| þar √-jeþan
| √´-jeþan
| þar √´-jeþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-janan
| þar √-janan
| ë-janan
| þar √´-janan
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
| √-jena
| þar √-jena
| ë-jena
| þar √´-jena
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| ë-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
| √-juntan
| þar √-juntan
| ë-juntan
| þar √´-juntan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
| √-jéþan
| þar √-jéþan
| √´-jéþan
| þar √´-jéþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánan
| þar √-jánan
| √´-jánan
| þar √´-jánan
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||
| √-jénen
<!--
| þar √-jénen
| √´-jénen
| þar √´-jénen
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| || nog || ˈno̞x || thence || (''hen-og'', "from-hence")
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| ë-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
| || || || whence || (''_'', "from-where")
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-jur
| þar √-jur
| ë-jur
| þar √´-jur
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| || || || either || “''either A, or B''” (or → )
| √-jeþ
| þar √-jeþ
| √´-jeþ
| þar √´-jeþ
| √-jeþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| || || || too ||  
! {{sc|anim}}
-->
| √-jana
| þar √-jana
| ë-jana
| þar √´-jana
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
|}
| √-jene
 
| þar √-jene
===Deictics===
| ë-jene
====Spatial deixis====
| þar √´-jene
====Temporal deixis====
|-
 
! {{sc|ind}}
 
| √-jtur
===Proper nouns===
| þar √-jtur
 
| ë-jtur
 
| þar √´-jtur
Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
|-
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
 
|-
====Anthroponyms====
! colspan="2"| 1
 
| √-juntu
 
| þar √-juntu
An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
| ë-juntu
First names
| þar √´-juntu
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
| n/a
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.
|-
 
! colspan="2"| 2
For example:
| √-jéþu
 
| þar √-jéþu
{| class=""wikitable
| √´-jéþu
| þar √´-jéþu
| √-jéþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánu
| þar √-jánu
| √´-jánu
| þar √´-jánu
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
| √-jéne
| þar √-jéne
| √´-jéne
| þar √´-jéne
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
| √-jturu
| þar √-jturu
| ë-jturu
| þar √´-jturu
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sjur
| þar √-sjur
| ë-sjur
| þar √´-sjur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
| √-sjet
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
| þar √-sjet
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
| ë-sjet
| þar √´-sjet
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
|}
! {{sc|anim}}
 
| √-sjar
Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.
| þar √-sjar
 
| ë-sjar
Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g.  Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g.  Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
| þar √´-sjar
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.
 
====Toponyms====
 
 
There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.
 
Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
| √-sjer
| þar √-sjer
| ë-sjer
| þar √´-sjer
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
| √-śur
| þar √-śur
| √´-śur
| þar √´-śur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| {{sc|town}}
| √-sju
| -þåjl
| þar √-sju
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ë-sju
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
| þar √´-sju
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|path}}
| √-sjétur
| -års
| þar √-sjétur
| -/ɑɾs/
| √´-sjétur
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
| þar √´-sjétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjánur
| þar √-sjánur
| √´-sjánur
| þar √´-sjánur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|hill}}
| √-sjénu
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| þar √-sjénu
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
| √´-sjénu
| þar √´-sjénu
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|valley}}
| √-śunt
| -låjn
| þar √-śuntu
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| √´-śuntu
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
| þar √´-śuntu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| {{sc|chasm}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-jti
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| {{sc|cliff}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-juri
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-ja
|-
|-
|}
| {{sc|sea}}
 
| -jår
====={{sc|v}}. ''-kur''=====
| -/jɑɾ/
 
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
:[...]
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
| {{sc|bay}}
|-
| -fjór
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
| -/fju̜ɾ/
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
|-
! {{sc|active}}
| {{sc|port}}
! {{sc|passive}}
| -fjórd
! {{sc|active}}
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
! {{sc|passive}}
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
| {{sc|beach}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
| -håjf
|-  
| -/hɑi̯f/
! colspan="2"| 1
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
| √-kuna
| þar √-kuna
| ë-kuna
| þar √´-kuna
| rowspan="11"| n/a <!-- column for **"past imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|shore}}
| √-keþan
| -jók
| þar √-keþan
| -/ju̜k/
| √´-keþan
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
| þar √´-keþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kanan
| þar √-kanan
| ë-kanan
| þar √´-kanan
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| {{sc|land}}
| √-kena
| -får(k)
| þar √-kena
| -/fɑɾk/
| ë-kena
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
| þar √´-kena
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|field}}
| √-kkunan
| -lól
| þar √-kkunan
| -/lu̹l/
| ë-kkunan
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
| þar √´-kkunan
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| {{sc|forest}}
| √-kuntan
| -bågh
| þar √-kuntan
| -/bɑx/
| ë-kuntan
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
| þar √´-kuntan
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| {{sc|grove}}
| √-kéþan
| -båjg
| þar √-kéþan
| -/bɑi̯x/
| √´-kéþan
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
| þar √´-kéþan
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| {{sc|swamp}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| -kóg
| √-kánan
| -/kʰu̹x/
| þar √-kánan
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
| √´-kánan
| þar √´-kánan
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
| √-kénen
| þar √-kénen
| √´-kénen
| þar √´-kénen
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| {{sc|creek}}
| √-kkuna
| -hel
| þar √-kkuna
| -/he̞l/
| ë-kkuna
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
| þar √´-kkuna
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
|}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
 
|-
====Demonyms====
! colspan="2"| 1
 
| √-kur
==Syntax==
| þar √-kur
 
| ë-kur
Word order per sentence type
| þar √´-kur
 
| n/a
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
| √-keþ
| þar √-keþ
| √´-keþ
| þar √´-keþ
| √-keþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kana
| þar √-kana
| ë-kana
| þar √´-kana
| rowspan="3"| √-kini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
| √-kene
| þar √-kene
| ë-kene
| þar √´-kene
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
| √-kkur
| þar √-kkur
| ë-kkur
| þar √´-kkur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
| √-kuntu
| þar √-kuntu
| ë-kuntu
| þar √´-kuntu
| n/a
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
| √-kéþu
| þar √-kéþu
| √´-kéþu
| þar √´-kéþu
| √-kéþur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kánu
| þar √-kánu
| √´-kánu
| þar √´-kánu
| rowspan="3"| √-kini
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
| √-kéne
| þar √-kéne
| √´-kéne
| þar √´-kéne
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
| √-kkuru
|}
| þar √-kkuru
 
| ë-kkuru
 
| þar √´-kkuru
Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.
 
==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:
 
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;
 
'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular
 
'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
 
===Leipzig-Jakarta list===
 
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-skur
| þar √-skur
| ë-skur
| þar √´-skur
| rowspan="11"|n/a <!-- column for **"future imperative" -->
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
| √-sket
| þar √-sket
| ë-sket
| þar √´-sket
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
! {{sc|anim}}
|-
| √-skar
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
| þar √-skar
| ë-skar
| þar √´-skar
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
| √-sker
| þar √-sker
| ë-sker
| þar √´-sker
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
| √-hur
| þar √-hur
| ë-hur
| þar √´-hur
|-
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
| √-sku
| þar √-sku
| ë-sku
| þar √´-sku
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
| √-skétur
| þar √-skétur
| √´-skétur
| þar √´-skétur
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-skánur
| þar √-skánur
| √´-skánur
| þar √´-skánur
|-
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
| √-skénu
| þar √-skénu
| √´-skénu
| þar √´-skénu
|-
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
| √-hunt
| þar √-huntu
| ë-huntu
| þar √´-huntu
|-
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √-kki
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-kuri
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
| colspan="5"  style="text-align:left;"| √´-ka
|-
|-
|}
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
 
====Verbal aspect markers====
 
Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
|-
| Continuous
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
|-
| Gnomic
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
|-
| Perfect
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› <!--Auxiliar particle:-->
|-
|-
| Imperfect
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
|-
| Intensive1
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
|-
| Intensive2
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
|-
| Attenuative
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|-
|}
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
 
 
====Particles and affixes====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||  
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall ||  ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|-
|}
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
 
|-
===Marking hierarchy===
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
 
|-
===Derivational morphology===
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''
|-
 
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''
|-
 
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]
|-
 
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''
|-
 
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]
|-
 
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.
|-
 
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||
''Nominalization of past participles''
|-
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
 
|-
: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
 
''Deverbal adjectives''
 
: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}
 
''Denominal adjectives''
 
: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''
 
: - “with” (''det-'')
 
: - “without” (''har-'')
 
: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”
 
:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”
 
 
====Derivational particles and affixes====
 
<br>
'''· Grammatical'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
 
''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
 
[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
 
= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.
 
|-
|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|-
<!-- | {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ? -->
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|}
 
'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
 
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|-
|}
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
 
===Discourse particles===
<br>
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|louse || géga || ˈgei̯.gɐ
|-
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||  
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||  
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||  
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||  
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||  
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
<!--
|-
|-
| || nog || ˈno̞x || thence || (''hen-og'', "from-hence")
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|-
| || || || whence || (''_'', "from-where")
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|-
| || || || either || “''either A, or B''” (or → )
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|-
| || || || too ||
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
-->
|-
|-
|}
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
 
===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====
 
 
===Proper nouns===
 
 
Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.
 
====Anthroponyms====
 
 
An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.
 
For example:
 
{| class=""wikitable
|-
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|-
|}
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
 
|-
Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
 
Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g.  Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g.  Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.
 
====Toponyms====
 
 
There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.
 
Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|what? ||  ||  
|-
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|who? ||  ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
|-
| {{sc|town}}
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
|-
| {{sc|path}}
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
|}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
 
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
 
|-
<!-- Swadesh list
| {{sc|chasm}}
{{swadesh
| -luþ
|nativename        =
| -/luθ/
|language          =
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|I                =
|-
|you (singular)    =
| {{sc|cliff}}
|he                =
| -hråjl
|we                =
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
|you (plural)      =
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|they              =
|-
|this              =
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|that              =
|-
|here              =  
| {{sc|sea}}
|there            =
| -jår
|who              =
| -/jɑɾ/
|what              =
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|where            =
|-
|when              =
| {{sc|bay}}
|how              =
| -fjór
|not              =
| -/fju̜ɾ/
|all              =
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|many              =
|-
|some              =
| {{sc|port}}
|few              =
| -fjórd
|other            =
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
|one              =
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|two              =
|-
|three            =
| {{sc|beach}}
|four              =
| -håjf
|five              =
| -/hɑi̯f/
|big              =
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|long              =
|-
|wide              =
| {{sc|shore}}
|thick            =
| -jók
|heavy            =
| -/ju̜k/
|small            =
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|short            =
|-
|narrow            =
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|thin              =  
|-
|woman            =
| {{sc|land}}
|man (adult male)  =
| -får(k)
|man (human being) =
| -/fɑɾk/
|child            =
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|wife              =
|-
|husband          =
| {{sc|field}}
|mother            =
| -lól
|father            =
| -/lu̹l/
|animal            =
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|fish              =
|-
|bird              =
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|dog              =
|-
|louse            =  
| {{sc|forest}}
|snake            =
| -bågh
|worm              =
| -/bɑx/
|tree              =
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|forest           =
|-
|stick            =
| {{sc|grove}}
|fruit            =
| -båjg
|seed              =
| -/bɑi̯x/
|leaf              =
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|root              =
|-
|bark              =
| {{sc|swamp}}
|flower            =
| -kóg
|grass            =
| -/kʰu̹x/
|rope              =
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|skin              =
|-
|meat              =
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|blood            =
|-
|bone              =
| {{sc|creek}}
|fat              =
| -hel
|egg              =
| -/he̞l/
|horn              =
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|tail              =  
|-
|feather          =
|}
|hair              =
 
|head              =
====Demonyms====
|ear              =
 
|eye              =
==Syntax==
|nose              =
 
|mouth            =
Word order per sentence type
|tooth            =
 
|tongue            =
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|fingernail        =
|-
|foot              =
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|leg              =  
|-
|knee              =  
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|hand              =  
|-
|wing              =  
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|belly            =  
|-
|guts              =  
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|neck              =  
|-
|back              =  
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|breast            =
|-
|heart            =  
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|liver            =  
|-
|drink            =  
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|eat              =  
|-
|bite              =
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|suck              =
|-
|spit              =
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|vomit            =  
|-
|blow              =
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|breathe          =  
|}
|laugh            =
 
|see              =
 
|know              =  
Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.
|think            =
 
|smell            =
==Lexicon==
|fear              =  
<br/>
|sleep            =
Citation forms:
|live              =
 
|die              =
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;
|kill              =
 
|fight            =
'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular
|hunt              =
 
|hit              =
'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
|cut              =
 
|split            =
===Leipzig-Jakarta list===
|stab              =
 
|scratch          =
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.
|dig              =
 
|swim              =
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|fly              =
|-
|walk              =
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|come              =
|-
|lie              =
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|sit              =
|-
|stand            =
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|turn              =
|-
|fall              =
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|give              =
|-
|hold              =
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|squeeze          =  
|-
|rub              =
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|wash              =
|-
|wipe              =
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|pull              =
|-
|push              =
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|throw            =
|-
|tie              =
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|sew              =  
|-
|count            =  
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|say              =
|-
|sing              =
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|play              =
|-
|float            =
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|flow              =
|-
|freeze            =
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|swell            =
|-
|sun              =
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|moon              =
|-
|star              =
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|water            =
|-
|rain              =  
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|river            =
|-
|lake              =  
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|sea              =  
|-
|salt              =  
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|stone            =
|-
|sand              =  
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|dust              =
|-
|earth            =  
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|cloud            =  
|-
|fog              =
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|sky              =
|-
|wind              =
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|snow              =
|-
|ice              =
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|smoke            =
|-
|fire              =
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|ash               =
|-
|burn              =
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|road              =
|-
|mountain          =
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|red              =
|-
|green            =
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|yellow            =
|-
|white            =
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|black            =
|-
|night            =
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|day              =
|-
|year              =
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|warm              =
|-
|cold              =
|to fall ||  ||
|full              =
|-
|new              =
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|old              =
|good              =
|bad              =
|rotten            =
|dirty            =
|straight          =
|round            =
|sharp            =
|dull              =
|smooth            =
|wet              =
|dry              =
|correct          =
|near              =
|far              =
|right            =
|left              =
|at                =
|in                =
|with              =
|and              =
|if                =
|because          =
|name              =
|languagecount    = 1
}}
-->
 
=Orthography=
 
[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]
 
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||  
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|-
|louse || ||  
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|}
<br>
 
=Samples=
===Sentences===
 
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|}
|-
 
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
<!--
|-
===Nominal declension themes===
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
===Conjugational paradigms===
====Consonant theme====
-->
 
===Other samples===
 
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):
 
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|}
 
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):
 
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
| {{cardosmall|Alanni
 
Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>
 
– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/
|-
 
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
|-
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
|-
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
|small || som || ˈso̞m
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/
|-
 
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
|-
</small>
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? ||  ||
|-
|who? ||  ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}
 
 
<!-- Swadesh list
{{swadesh
|nativename        =
|language          =
|I                =
|you (singular)    =
|he                =
|we                =
|you (plural)      =
|they              =
|this              =
|that              =
|here              =
|there            =
|who              =
|what              =
|where            =
|when              =
|how              =
|not              =
|all              =
|many              =
|some              =
|few              =
|other            =
|one              =
|two              =
|three            =
|four              =
|five              =
|big              =
|long              =
|wide              =
|thick            =
|heavy            =
|small            =
|short            =
|narrow            =
|thin              =
|woman            =
|man (adult male)  =
|man (human being) =
|child            =
|wife              =
|husband          =
|mother            =
|father            =
|animal            =
|fish              =
|bird              =
|dog              =
|louse            =
|snake            =
|worm              =
|tree              =
|forest            =
|stick            =
|fruit            =
|seed              =
|leaf              =
|root              =
|bark              =
|flower            =
|grass            =
|rope              =
|skin              =
|meat              =
|blood            =
|bone              =
|fat              =
|egg              =
|horn              =
|tail              =
|feather          =
|hair              =
|head              =
|ear              =
|eye              =
|nose              =
|mouth            =
|tooth            =
|tongue            =
|fingernail        =
|foot              =
|leg              =
|knee              =
|hand              =
|wing              =
|belly            =
|guts              =
|neck              =
|back              =
|breast            =
|heart            =
|liver            =
|drink            =
|eat              =
|bite              =
|suck              =
|spit              =
|vomit            =
|blow              =
|breathe          =
|laugh            =
|see              =
|know              =
|think            =
|smell            =
|fear              =
|sleep            =
|live              =
|die              =
|kill              =
|fight            =
|hunt              =
|hit              =
|cut              =
|split            =
|stab              =
|scratch          =
|dig              =
|swim              =
|fly              =
|walk              =
|come              =
|lie              =
|sit              =
|stand            =
|turn              =
|fall              =
|give              =
|hold              =
|squeeze          =
|rub              =
|wash              =
|wipe              =
|pull              =
|push              =
|throw            =
|tie              =
|sew              =
|count            =
|say              =
|sing              =
|play              =
|float            =
|flow              =
|freeze            =
|swell            =
|sun              =
|moon              =
|star              =
|water            =
|rain              =
|river            =
|lake              =
|sea              =
|salt              =
|stone            =
|sand              =
|dust              =
|earth            =
|cloud            =
|fog              =
|sky              =
|wind              =
|snow              =
|ice              =
|smoke            =
|fire              =
|ash              =
|burn              =
|road              =
|mountain          =
|red              =
|green            =
|yellow            =
|white            =
|black            =
|night            =
|day              =
|year              =
|warm              =
|cold              =
|full              =
|new              =
|old              =
|good              =
|bad              =
|rotten            =
|dirty            =
|straight          =
|round            =
|sharp            =
|dull              =
|smooth            =
|wet              =
|dry              =
|correct          =
|near              =
|far              =
|right            =
|left              =
|at                =
|in                =
|with              =
|and              =
|if                =
|because          =
|name              =
|languagecount    = 1
}}
-->
 
=Orthography=
 
[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]
 
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
| Loving
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>


=Samples=
Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
===Sentences===
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>


{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|-
|}
|}


<!--
===Nominal declension themes===
===Conjugational paradigms===
====Consonant theme====
-->
===Other samples===
*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ŕi.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/  /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}


*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
Line 3,292: Line 2,205:
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]
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