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Kiwi (view source)

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|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|name = Kiwi
|name = Kiwi
|nativename = ''Taʻ rī kiwinikaʻ''
|nativename = Taʻ rī kiwinikaʻ
|pronunciation=  /tǎʔ rɪː kɪˌwɪɲɪˈkáʔ/
|pronunciation=  tǎʔ rɪː kɪˌwɪɲɪˈkáʔ
|region = [[w:Pacific ocean|Pacific ocean]]
|setting = [[w:Pacific ocean|Pacific ocean]]
|states = [[w:Easter Island|Easter Island]]
|nation = [[w:Easter Island|Easter Island]]
|speakers = ⅜  
|speakers = ⅜  
|date = 2013
|date = 2013
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|family=Rana languages
|family=Rana languages
|ancestor=Proto-Rana
|ancestor=Proto-Rana
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Devanagari script|Devanagari]]
|script1=Latn
|agency=
|script2=Deva
|iso1=ki
|clcr=qki
|iso2=ki
|iso3=qki
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}


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|translation = canoe
|translation = canoe
}}
}}
===Suprasegmentals===
Kiwi has a sophisticated system of [[w:tonal languages|tones]], as well as stress. Only final syllables may get tone, and all final syllables but those with a [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]] coda, get a medium, default tone.
There are four tones in the language, '''medium''', '''rising''' and '''falling''', '''low''', and '''high''' tone. The last three tones only occur when a vowel precedes a word-final glottal stop, all others get a medium tone.
''To be continued.''


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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[[File:Horses, some wild, some owned, roam Easter Island freely.jpg|255px|thumb|right|Moai statues on [[w:Easter Island|Easter Island]], called ''moʻai'' in Kiwi, as well as a few wild horses. Horses are called ''tototō'', by the way.]]
[[File:Horses, some wild, some owned, roam Easter Island freely.jpg|255px|thumb|right|Moai statues on [[w:Easter Island|Easter Island]], called ''moʻai'' in Kiwi, as well as a few wild horses. Horses are called ''tototō'', by the way.]]
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|wōri}} kirānaʻ
|phrase = {{term|wōri}} kirānaʻ
|IPA = /woːˈrɪ́ cɪraːˈnáʔ/
|IPA = /woːˈrɪ́ cɪraːˈnáʔ/
|morphemes = wōri ki-rānaʻ
|morphemes = wōri ki-rānaʻ
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = yi{{c|wōri}} rānaʻ
|phrase = yi{{term|wōri}} rānaʻ
|IPA = /jɪwoːˈrɪ́ raːˈnáʔ/
|IPA = /jɪwoːˈrɪ́ raːˈnáʔ/
|morphemes = yi-wōri rānaʻ
|morphemes = yi-wōri rānaʻ
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|ʻūluna}} tāʻikulāʻ
|phrase = {{term|ʻūluna}} tāʻikulāʻ
|IPA = /ʔuːluˈnɑ taːʔɪquˈlaːʔ/
|IPA = /ʔuːluˈnɑ taːʔɪquˈlaːʔ/
|morphemes = ʻūluna tāʻi-kulāʻ
|morphemes = ʻūluna tāʻi-kulāʻ
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|ʻuhūluna}} tāʻikekulāʻ
|phrase = {{term|ʻuhūluna}} tāʻikekulāʻ
|IPA = /ʔuhuːluˈna taːʔɪkɛquˈlàːʔ/
|IPA = /ʔuhuːluˈna taːʔɪkɛquˈlàːʔ/
|morphemes = ʻu~hūluna tāʻi-ke~kulāʻ
|morphemes = ʻu~hūluna tāʻi-ke~kulāʻ
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The paucal denotes singular entity nouns, as well as a few nouns, or a small group. It is equivalent to the [[w:English language|English]] singular, but less defined. The paucal is the lemma form of the nouns, and thus implicitly unmarked.
The paucal denotes singular entity nouns, as well as a few nouns, or a small group. It is equivalent to the [[w:English language|English]] singular, but less defined. The paucal is the lemma form of the nouns, and thus implicitly unmarked.
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|ʻūluna}}
|phrase = {{term|ʻūluna}}
|IPA = /ʔuːluˈna/
|IPA = /ʔuːluˈna/
|morphemes = ʻūluna
|morphemes = ʻūluna
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|kaukaʻi}}
|phrase = {{term|kaukaʻi}}
|IPA = /qauqaˈʔɪ́/
|IPA = /qauqaˈʔɪ́/
|morphemes = kaukaʻi
|morphemes = kaukaʻi
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|taʻuka}}
|phrase = {{term|taʻuka}}
|IPA = /taʔuˈqa/
|IPA = /taʔuˈqa/
|morphemes = taʻuka
|morphemes = taʻuka
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|kuʻe}}
|phrase = {{term|kuʻe}}
|IPA = /quˈʔɛ́/
|IPA = /quˈʔɛ́/
|morphemes = kuʻe
|morphemes = kuʻe
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! Initial syllable
! Initial syllable
! V  
! V  
! ʔV
! CV:
! CV:
! Ca
! Ca
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! Ci
! Ci
! Co
! Co
! Cō
|-
|-
! Reduplicated
! Reduplicated
| VʔV  
| VʔV  
| ʔVhV
| CVCV:
| CVCV:
| CiCa
| CiCa
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| CeCi
| CeCi
| CuCo
| CuCo
| CuCō
|}
|}




{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|ʻuhūluna}}
|phrase = {{term|ʻuhūluna}}
|IPA = /ʔuhuːluˈna/
|IPA = /ʔuhuːluˈna/
|morphemes = ʻu~ʻūluna
|morphemes = ʻu~ʻūluna
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|kikaukaʻi}}
|phrase = {{term|kikaukaʻi}}
|IPA = /cɪqauqaˈʔɪ́/
|IPA = /cɪqauqaˈʔɪ́/
|morphemes = ki~kaukaʻi
|morphemes = ki~kaukaʻi
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|titaʻuka}}
|phrase = {{term|titaʻuka}}
|IPA = /tɪtaʔuˈqa/
|IPA = /tɪtaʔuˈqa/
|morphemes = ti~taʻuka
|morphemes = ti~taʻuka
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{c|kekuʻe}}
|phrase = {{term|kekuʻe}}
|IPA = /cɛquˈʔɛ́/
|IPA = /cɛquˈʔɛ́/
|morphemes = kuʻe
|morphemes = kuʻe
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
====Personal pronouns====
There are only [[w:Grammatical subject|subjective]] personal pronouns in the Kiwi language, and they are not used in the same contexts as in English. They are independent, thus not agglutinable. All persons do not exist for all classes of personal pronouns, and many classes have been put together.
There are only [[w:Grammatical subject|subjective]] personal pronouns in the Kiwi language, and they are not used in the same contexts as in English. They are independent, thus not agglutinable. All persons do not exist for all classes of personal pronouns, and many classes have been put together. Please note that the Kiwi language is pro-drop; that is, using pronouns is not obligatory.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="9"|Personal pronouns
! colspan="10"|Personal pronouns
|-
|-
!Person →
!Person →
! rowspan="2" |0<sup>th</sup>
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup>
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup>
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup>
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup>
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|-
|-
!Class ↓
!Class ↓
! colspan="8" |<small>Nominative</small>
! colspan="9" |<small>Nominative</small>
|-
|-
! I
! I
| ''waka''
| ''anā''
| ''anā''
| ''aʻanā''
| ''aʻanā''
| ''yei''
| ''ei''
| ''ʻiyē''
| ''yē''
| ''oukā''
| ''oukā''
| ''oʻoukā''
| ''uʻoukā''
| ''lā''
| ''lā''
| ''lalā''
| ''lalā''
|-
|-
! II+III
! II+III
|| ''keʻ ''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| ''''
| ''māo''
| ''''
| ''mamāo''
| ''''
| ''ngai''
| ''''
| ''ningai''
| ''''
| ''lēna''
| ''''
| ''lelēana''
|-
|-
! IV+V
! IV+V
|| ''kai''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| ''''
| ''wakō''
| ''''
| ''wiwakō''
| ''''
| ''rōa''
| ''''
| ''rurōa''
|-
|-
! VI+VII
! VI+VII
|| ''tai''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| ''''
| ''taʻēa''
| ''''
| ''titaʻēa''
| ''''
| ''rita''
| ''''
| ''rita''
|-
|-
! VIII
! VIII
| ''''
|| ''toā''
| ''''
| ''yeō''
| ''''
| ''yiyeō''
| ''''
| ''wahē''
| ''''
| ''wiwahē''
| ''''
| ''kāʻa''
| ''''
| ''kakāʻa''
| ''''
| ''yēna''
| ''yeyēna''
|-
|-
! IX
! IX
|| ''wana''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| ''''
| ''āta''
| ''''
| ''aʻāta''
| ''''
| ''āna''
| ''''
| ''aʻāna''
|}
|}
====The zeroth person and indefiniteness====
The so-called zeroth person ({{sc|0}}) in the Kiwi language, is a catch-all indefinite pronoun. It is used to convey the following meanings:
*''someone'', ''anyone'', ''all''
*''one'', ''a''/''an''
*''you'', ''they'', ''one'' (generic) The usage makes it equivalent to ''[[wikt:man|man]]'' in German, Swedish, et al., French ''[[wikt:on|on]]'' as well as ''[[wikt:ei|ei]]'' in Finnish. ''To be continued''.


{{Gloss
|phrase = {{blue|ʻAhu}}makaʻī ne!
|IPA = /ʔahumaˈqaʔɪ: nɛ/
|morphemes = {{blue|ʻahu}}-makaʻī ne
|gloss = {{blue|0}}>4sg-to_eat.NFUT NEG
|translation = You don't eat that!
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{blue|ʻAhu}}kiwēʻa.
|IPA = /ʔahucɪˈwe̞ːʔa/
|morphemes = {{blue|ʻahu}}-kiwēʻa
|gloss = {{blue|0}}>4sg-to_know.NFUT
|translation = One/everybody knows that.
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{blue|ʻUngu}}rāma wa;
|IPA = /ʔuŋuˈɾæːma wa/
|morphemes = {{blue|ʻungu}}-rāma wa
|gloss = 2sg>{{blue|0}}-to_regret.NFUT Q
|translation = Do you regret anything?
}}


====The fourth person and obviation====
====The fourth person and obviation====
The fourth person ({{sc|4}}) in the Kiwi language is a third person obviative pronoun that distinguishes a non-salient third person referent from a more salient, proximate or pertinent, third person referent in a given discourse context.
There are a few basic rules for the Kiwi fourth person:
*Where animacy is involved, animate [[w:noun phrase|noun phrase]]s tend to be proximate, while inanimate [[w:noun phrases|noun phrases]] tend to be obviative.
*Possessors are obligatorily proximate and possessees are thus obligatory obviative.
<!-- *Obviation is most common in [[head-marking language]]s since the obviative is useful in disambiguating otherwise unmarked nominals. -->
*Proximate/Obviative assignments are preserved throughout clauses and are also often constant over longer discourse segments.
*If there is no need for a proximate/obviate distinction in the clause, the pronouns get [[w:Demonstrative pronoun|proximal]] and [[w:Demonstrative pronoun|distal]] functions.
*A proximate subject is always animate.
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{blue|Taʻahu}}kakiʻ wa;
|IPA = /taʔahuqaˈcɪ́ wa/
|morphemes = {{blue|taʻahu}}-kakiʻ-∅ wa
|gloss = 3sg>{{blue|4sg}}-to_dislike-NFUT Q
|translation = Didn't he like him/it?
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = Weʻakiwēʻa, {{blue|ku}}kiwēʻa.
|IPA =/wɛʔacɪwe̞ːˈʔa qucɪwe̞ːˈʔa/
|morphemes = weʻa-kiwēʻa-∅ {{blue|ku}}-kiwēʻa-∅
|gloss = 1sg>3sg-to_know-NFUT 1sg>{{blue|4sg}}-to_know-NFUT
|translation =  I know this, I know that.
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = {{blue|Taʻahu}}miraʻ {{blue|mani}}tanēʻ.
|IPA = /taʔahumɪráʔ maɲɪtaně̞ːʔ/
|morphemes = {{blue|taʻahu}}-miraʻ-∅ {{blue|mani}}-tanēʻ-∅
|gloss = 3sg>{{blue|4sg}}-to_see-NFUT {{blue|4sg>4sg}}-to_do-NFUT
|translation = She saw him do that.
}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Tense====
====Tense====
The Kiwi language does mark [[w:grammatical tense|grammatical tense]] morphologically. However, the system is binary one; [[Kiwi#Non-future tense|non-future]] ({{sc|nfut}}) versus [[Kiwi#Future tense|future]] ({{sc|fut}}). To specify whether something occurs in the present or in the past, you make use of [[w:adverbs|adverbs]], or more commonly, adverbial noun phrases.
====Person====
====Person====
=====Unipersonal agreement=====
=====Unipersonal agreement=====
There is no unipersonal agreement in the Kiwi language; an intransitive verb, one that does not take an object, dos not conjugate according to the subject. Instead you use the personal pronouns or noun phrase in question.
{{Gloss
|phrase = Anā miʻā.
|IPA = /ˈanaː ˈmɪʔaː/
|morphemes = anā miʻā
|gloss = 1pc.NOM to_see.NFUT
|translation = I see.
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = ʻUmāni yē.
|IPA = /ʔuˈmaːɲɪ ˈje̞ː/
|morphemes = ʻumāni yē
|gloss =  to_watch_out.NFUT 2pl.NOM
|translation = Do watch out, guys.
}}
=====Bipersonal agreement=====
=====Bipersonal agreement=====
The bipersonal prefixes agree with both the subject and the [[w:grammatical object|object]] simultaneously. They have the following transivity direction: {{sc|subject}}>{{sc|object}}
The bipersonal prefixes agree with both the subject and the [[w:grammatical object|object]] simultaneously. They have the following transivity direction: {{sc|subject}}>{{sc|object}}
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! 0
! 0
| -
| -
|'''e-''
|''ʻe-''
|''hai-''
|''hai-''
|''hane-''
|''hane-''
|'''ahu-''
|''ʻahu-''
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
|''na'a-''
|''naʻa-''
| -
| -
|''ki-''
|''ki-''
|''we'a-''
|''weʻa-''
|''ku-''
|''ku-''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
|''nekē-''
|''nuku-''
|''ngi-''
|''ngi-''
| -
| -
|''ke'a-''
|''ke'a-''
|''neku-''
|''ʻungu-''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
|''tina-''
|''tina-''
|''nē-''
|''ne-''
|''tu-''
|''tu-''
| -
| -
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|-
|-
! 4
! 4
|''ma'e-''
|''maʻe-''
|'''ano-''
|''ʻano-''
|''mi-''
|''mi-''
|''nama'ī-''
|''namaʻī-''
|''mani-''
|''mani-''
|}
|}
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[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Kiwi]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Kiwi]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
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