Lakovic languages

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages

Lakovic
Created by	–
Geographic distribution	Talma, Bjeheond, Etalocin
Linguistic classification	One of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-language	Proto-Lakovic
Subdivisions	Windermere Western Bjeheondian Tumhanian Etalocian Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ luh-KOHV-ik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Rhythoed: fi imbrits Lăcoaf) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Todo

Other (short) suffixes?

Grimm's law for Windermere?

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Phylogeny

• Proto-Lakovic
  • Old Windermere
    • Classical Windermere
      • Modern Windermere
  • Hmooby language (breathy voice > nasal vowels)
  • Tergetian
  • Tsjoen?
  • Classical Häskä
    • • Modern Häskä
  • Tumhanian
    • Schong
    • Æ
  • Etalocian
  • Txapoallian
    • Trây

Proto-Lakovic phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/				ŋ /ŋ/
Stop	plain	p /p/	t /t/				k /k/	ʔ /ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/				g /g/
Fricative			s /s̻/	š /s̺/	ś /ɬ/			h /h/
Affricate			c /ts̻/	(č /ts̺/)	ć /tɬ/
Approximant		w /w/		r /r/	l /l/	y /j/

Vowels

Proto-Lakovic had 6 vowels and register tone:

i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/

ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice

Phonotactics

Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere.

Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.

Stress

Stress was likely on the final syllable.

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.

Nouns

• direct case marker: id-
• indirect case marker: how-

Pronouns

• rì = I
• śàn (m), śà(n)s (f) = you

Verbs and adjectives

Verbs and adjectives agreed with nouns in gender. For example:

• šmer toʔ = a good man (m);
• ʔama toʔs = a good mother (f)

Gender agreement was lost in most descendants, except in Tergetian and the West Bjeheondian languages.

TODO: triggers, aspects

Derivational morphology

• Breathy voice ablaut: nominalization (f)
• bì-~bù- = agentive (m)
• hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
• tuha- = intensive

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Vocabulary

• ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
• łkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'

Numbers

check Æ tone reflexes

• first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
• then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes

Proto-Lakovic	Talman			Western Bjeheondian	Tumhanian
	Windermere	Häskä	Tergetian	Tsjoen Tsjoen	Schong	Æ
*àdòn "one"	doan	odän	dôon	eudun		tů
*ùrat "two"	rath	rat	rât	rat		ras
*tsiw "three"	stiw	ətsəw	txiw	tjw		tjůb
*mšàk "four"	smech	əmšäk	khâak	mpjeok	njaai	njærb
*mǜc "five"	müets	müc	mwwts	myts		vur
*dak "six"	tach	dak	dak	dak		tars
*àbòt "seven"	boath	obät	bôot	eubut		pob
*słeb "eight"	łep	ešəb	seb	xjep		læ̊g
*ʔlòy "nine"	loay	oläy	looj	eoloe		løb
*tap "ten"	thaf	taf	tap	tap		tås
*suyàw "eleven"	săyew	suyäw	xâaw	seojo		søb
*srük "twelve"	srüch	üsruk	srwk	sryk		rurs