Naeng/Classical: Difference between revisions

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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumăytil''===
==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumăytil''===
''Dòn ngiθ, dur id taχ χàθ mi mogor lăyθèθ. Emtăbìts Pida Brăwìd: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθàθ năθa emritsal dòn: "Mǜșrüχ te-stiw: tsin taχ mognas, șrüχ te-stiw θràφ, șrüχ te-łep stăliw..." Łop embìts Pida Brăwìd: "Ǎna ra mòχ, srǜ hădèn do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χàθ ipăyφay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădìχ φnărtàng, sach φăbèng păχwădìχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''
''Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Müüșrüχ te-stiw: tsin taχ mognas, șrüχ te-stiw θraaφ, șrüχ te-łep stăliw..." Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''
====Gloss====
====Gloss====
''Dòn ngiθ, dur id taχ χàθ mi mogor lăyθèθ. Emtăbìts Pida Brăwìd: "Măra łinam dunse?"''
''Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"''


one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"
one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"


Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwìd asked them: "How many of you are here?"
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?"


''Mi-ăngnung căχθàθ năθa emritsal dòn: "Mǜșrüχ te-stiw: tsin taχ mognas, șrüχ te-stiw θràφ, șrüχ te-łep stăliw..."''
''Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Sjrüχ te-stiw: tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liew stăliw..."''


in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 because six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3
in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3


While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."


''Łop embìts Pida Brăwìd: "Ǎna ra mòχ, srǜ hădèn do croθ năθa?"''
''Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"''


then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"
then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"


Now Master Brăwìd asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
Now Master Brăwiid asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"


''Emcă'aw id χàθ ipăyφay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădìχ φnărtàng, sach φăbèng păχwădìχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''
''Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''


PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"
PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"

Revision as of 01:23, 31 May 2019

Classical Windermere
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
Lakovic
  • Ashanic
    • Classical Windermere
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classical Windermere (native name: brits Dămè /brits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Windermere: fi brits Dămea Ăfur [fi brits dəmeə ʔəvur]; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămè), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseezh was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b~β/ d /d~ð/ g /g~ɣ/
tenuis p /p⁼/ t /t⁼/ c /k⁼/ ' /ʔ/
aspirated φ /pʰ/ θ /tʰ/ χ /kʰ/
Affricate ts /ts̪/ /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative s /s̪/ ł /s̺~ʂ/ ș /ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ l /l/ y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

Classical Windermere had breathy voiced vowels à è ì ò ù ǜ /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ/, which merged to ă in Modern Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Classical Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Modern Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

  • fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
  • th + fric → fric + t
    • ths → st, as in sèf 'go' → *thsèfstèf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
    • thf → ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfitifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
    • thch → cht e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχarăchta 'to die'
    • thł, thș → łt, șt
  • ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
  • s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
  • rC, lC > Cr, Cl
  • ps pn png → sp fn fng
  • tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
  • tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st

Sandhi table

Initial
Consonant
Final Consonant
f p b m th t d n ch c g ng s ts ł ș h ' l r w y
f f p sp fn ft ft ft fn fch pc pc fng ps fts ftł f f' fl fr f fy
p f p sp fn ft ft ft fn pc pc pc fng ps fts ftł f p' pl pr p py
b f p sp fn fth ft ft fn fch pc pc fng ps fts ftł f p' bl br b by
m mf mp/mb mp/mb m mth mt/md mt/md mn mch mc/mg mc/mg mng ms mts mtł mh m' ml mr m my
th ft ft sp thm th t st thn cht cht cht thng st tst łt tłt șt th t' thl thr thw thy
t ft ft sp tm th t st tn cht cht cht tng st tst łt tłt șt th t' tl tr tw ty
d ft ft sp tm th t st tn cht cht cht tng st tst łt tłt șt th d' dl dr dw dy
n mp mp nf nm nth nt nt nn nch ngc ngc nng ns nts ntł nth n' l r nw ny
ch chp chp chp chm cht cht cht chn ch c c chng chs chts chł chtł chș cht ch' chl chr chw chy
g cp cp cp cm cht cht cht gn ch g c cng cs cts ctł cht g' gl gr gw gy
c
ng
s
ts
ł
ș
h
'
l
r
w
y

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law was productive in Classical Windermere: when there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated. e.g. *χăφol > căφol 'to turn'.

Morphology

Nouns

Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples:

Regular plurals:

  • cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

Sandhi plurals:

  • drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'

Suppletive plurals:

  • croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'

Verbs

Trigger infixes and certain aspects had become derivational in Classical Windermere, but not other aspects or tenses.

Aspect

Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

  • imperfective/stative = unmarked
  • perfective = marked with em-
  • prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
  • momentane = bla-
  • progressive = ăL-
  • gnomic, habitual = marked with li-
  • iterative = FăL-
  • frequentative = eNFă-
  • inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
  • graduative = tăFa-

Pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.

  • 1sg:
  • 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
  • 3sg: in (m), is (f)
  • 1pl exclusive: tsa
  • 1pl inclusive: ăbang
  • 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
  • 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)

Derivation

(Anything else?)

  • *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
  • pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
    • da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Medieval păda, Modern pda)
    • tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
  • ha- (passive)

Breathy voice

Words with breathy voice are explained by older affixes:

  • feminine *-s for nouns
  • an infix *H for verbs

Sample texts

"The Round Table", from the Imθumăytil

Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Müüșrüχ te-stiw: tsin taχ mognas, șrüχ te-stiw θraaφ, șrüχ te-łep stăliw..." Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"

Gloss

Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"

one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?"

Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Sjrüχ te-stiw: tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liew stăliw..."

in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3

While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."

Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"

then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"

Now Master Brăwiid asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"

Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"

PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"

The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"