Naeng/Classical

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Old Windermere
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
Lakovic
  • Ashanic
    • Old Windermere
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Classical Windermere (native name: brits Dămè /brits dəˈmeə/; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămea), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseezh was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b~β/ d /d~ð/ g /g~ɣ/
voiceless p /p⁼/ t /t⁼/ c /k⁼/ ' /ʔ/
Affricate ts /ts̪/ /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative spirant f /f/ th /θ/ ch /x/
nonspirant s /s̪/ ł /s̺~ʂ/ ș /ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ l /l~ɫ~ɭ/ y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

Classical Windermere had breathy voiced vowels à è ì ò ù ǜ /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.

Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ/, which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

  • fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
  • th + fric → fric + t
    • ths → st, as in sehf 'go' → *thsehfstehf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
    • thf → ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfitifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
    • thch → cht e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχarăchta 'to die'
    • thł, thș → łt, șt
  • ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
  • s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
  • rC, lC > Cr, Cl
  • ps pn png → sp fn fng
  • tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
  • tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
Initial
Consonant
Final Consonant
f p b m th t d n ch c g ng s ts ł ș h ' l r w y
f f p sp fn ft ft ft fn pc pc pc fng ps fts ftł f f' fl fr fw fy
p
b
m
th
t
d
n
ch
g
c
ng
s
ts
ł
ș
h
'
l
r
w
y

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere: when there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol 'to turn'.

Morphology

Nouns

Old Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples:

Regular plurals:

  • cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

Sandhi plurals:

  • drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'

Suppletive plurals:

  • croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'

Verbs

Trigger infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, still functioned as voice markers.

Pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.

  • 1sg: rih
  • 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
  • 3sg: in (m), is (f)
  • 1pl exclusive: tsa
  • 1pl inclusive: ăbang
  • 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
  • 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)

Derivation

(Anything else?)

  • *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
  • pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
    • da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
    • tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
  • ha- (passive)

Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snàr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.