Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon
Windermere/Swadesh list
Windermere/Names

Naeng/Literature
չէıɱ Ֆ·ժ›ƍᶑ brits Lăcoaf
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Naeng/Literature

Classical Windermere (native name: brits Lăcoaf /brits ʟəkoəv/, Skellan: Lycóov Yvẃr 'Noble Lăcoaf') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the historically Windermere territories (Wen Dămea) It is based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to Skellan and other Talman languages.

See also Rhythoed.

Introduction

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. It was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned. Aesthetically it's also inspired by Romanian and Tíogall, one of my old Talmic sketches.

Todo

• Skellan-ish grammar but more synthetic
• Grammar: Salish/Skellan

Neutral:

Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.

sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

Focused:

Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.

DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury

It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.

Düeth id-păchnay.

naked DIR-king

The king is naked.

Avoid

• șoa or șo'a or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew (thus no zoo in Skellan except by random change)

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ ["sin dot"] Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ɫ/	y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

These are the realization of vowels in Windermerean Windermere:

Monophthongs

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/		u /u/
Mid	e /e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open			a /a/

Diphthongs

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	ie /iə/	üe /yə/		ua /uə/
Mid	ea /eə/			oa /oə/

Notes

• /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.

Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became e ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Old Windermere

Sandhi

Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Rhythoed.

• ths -> st, as in sehf (go) -> *thsehf -> stehf (to drive) (Rhythoed binsteaf (energy), sămteaf (to energize))

Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated.

Some prefixes

Old Windermere had the following prefixes:

• th- (causative; denominal verbs)
• p- (agentive)
  • da (know) -> pda (master; also pda in Rhythoed)
• ha- (passive)

Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Rhythoed as sner.

Nouns

im- is used as the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

• id: nominative
• u: accusative
• mi-: locative
• ya-: comitative
• șa-: allative
• faC-: from
• tsip : without
• fe: by (passive)

Pronouns

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they (an.)	they (inan.)
Nominative	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tan	tsa	bang	ngea	ănam	tănam
Accusative	grie	găłen	găłes	cin	cis	dan	gătsa	găbang	găngea	cănam	dănam

After a preposition, nominative forms are used.

Demonstratives

• this: __ se
• that: __ fi
• here: rădun se, dunse (casual)
• there: rădun fe, dumfe (casual)
• who: ășak ra, ășra (casual)
• what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
• where: rădun ra, dura (casual)
• when sngith ra, sngithra (casual)
• how li-tănsü ra; litra in casual speech
• all tsor (preposed)
• many mea (preposed)
• some tăchung (preposed)
• few łüp (preposed)
• other nătha

Verbs

Lăcoaf verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.

In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax VERB ya-tsa, lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.

Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.

Aspect

Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with em- for others
• prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = bla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = oLă-
• graduative = tăFa-

Intensive

• thu- = intensive prefix

Voice affixes

Voice affixes are obsolete in Rhythoed.

• ‹ăc› = Dynamic passive
• ‹ră›, ‹wă› = Stative passive
• ‹ăb› = Reflexive

Adjectives

Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.

Derivational morphology

• ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
• bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
• hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
• sa- = nominalizer
• și- = negation
• ing- = verbalizer
• lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
• yă- = adjectivizer
• nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Rhythoed)
• pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
• bo- = adjectivizer for verbs

TODO: verbalizers, "adjectivizers" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

• Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
  • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
  • wang = 'matter, affairs'
  • ngoth = 'manner, way'
  • ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')

"Trigger" verb affixes

These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.

• ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
• ‹ith› = Locative trigger
• ‹ăs› = Instrumental trigger
• ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
• ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
• ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
• ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
• ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger

Syntax

Constituent order

The basic word order of Windermere is VSO.

Verb phrase

There is a preverbal negative particle die.

Time clauses

For a non-finite time clause, mi- + verbal noun may be used.

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

• often combined with the complementizer: mong

Complement clauses

nga = complementizer