Nordulaki: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Nordulaki | |name = Nordulaki | ||
| | |nativename = nordûlaki<br/>þêuk nordûlaki | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = norˈdu(ː)laki]<br/>[ˈθeʊ̯k norˈdu(ː)laki | ||
| | |states = Central Evandor | ||
|ethnicity = Nordûlaki | |ethnicity = Nordûlaki | ||
|speakers = {{formatnum:290000000}} | |speakers = {{formatnum:290000000}} | ||
|date = 2312 | |date = 2312 | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]] | |setting = [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]] | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = Dravidian | ||
|fam1 = [[Evandorian languages]] | |fam1 = [[Evandorian languages]] | ||
|fam2 = Northern Evandorian | |fam2 = Northern Evandorian | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
|creator = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]] | |creator = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]] | ||
|created = Oct 2017 | |created = Oct 2017 | ||
| | |scripts = Íscégon script for Nordûlaki | ||
|nation = Nordulik, Raxinara, Listord, Kerbellion, | |nation = Nordulik, Raxinara, Listord, Kerbellion, Mersefêny, many others | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Nordulaki''', natively '''nordûlaki | '''Nordulaki''', natively '''(has) þêuk nordûlaki''' [(has) ˈθeʊ̯k norˈdu(ː)laki], is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]] of the planet [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]] spoken most notably in the central-northern Evandorian country of Nordulik (nat. ''Nordûlik''; Old Nordulaki: ''Nordoğlik'') but also in many former colonies - for a total of 35 countries - around the planet. | ||
Today, Nordulaki is the second most important and most spoken language in the Western world, after its western neighbor [[Cerian]], and Nordulaki itself was the main diplomatic and scientific language of the world until half a century ago. It is the fourth most spoken language on the planet, after Cerian, [[Chlouvānem]], and [[Spocian]]. | Today, Nordulaki is the second most important and most spoken language in the Western world, after its western neighbor [[Cerian]], and Nordulaki itself was the main diplomatic and scientific language of the world until half a century ago. It is the fourth most spoken language on the planet, after Cerian, [[Chlouvānem]], and [[Spocian]]. | ||
Nordulaki is a member of the Velken branch, a sub-branch of Northern Evandorian - which includes the Velken languages and [[Gathura]] at the northern end of the continent. Nordulaki's closest sibling is Spyŋun ('' | Nordulaki is a member of the Velken branch, a sub-branch of Northern Evandorian - which includes the Velken languages and [[Gathura]] at the northern end of the continent. Nordulaki's closest sibling is Spyŋun (''Spinu'' in Nordulaki), spoken in its small southern neighbor Spyŋ, but both of them still have many similarities with the Landward Velken sub-branch to the east, which includes, most notably, [[Kalese]]; a noticeable distinction between Nordulaki and Spyŋun and the Landward Velken languages is the former two's complete lack of the aspectual distinctions that characterize the verbs in Landward Velken languages. Nordulaki is among the most isolating Evandorian languages, except for nouns - which display the typical Northern Evandorian trait of having evolved a genitive case, which Proto-Evandorian did not have. | ||
== | ==External History== | ||
Even if I only started working on this version in October 2017, Nordûlaki is, together with Cerian, one of my oldest conlangs as far as its name is concerned - I first made two concountries named "Ceria" and "Nordulikh" in a map I made around 2007 or 2008. Ever since I began working on Calémere in 2014, I decided that those two countries were to be the most important countries of the Western world - I dare say Ceria is my conworld's England while Nordûlik is its analogue of France, though by their placement it'd be better to say that Ceria is the France-looking one and Nordûlik is more like Germany. Nordûlaki itself is among my favourite conlangs of mine aesthetically - grammatically I did not have many definite inspirations, just some ideas I tried to use while in a grammar that made sense as an Evandorian language; aesthetically it's quite easy to notice the influence from Catalan. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Phonemes given here are from Standard Evandorian Nordûlaki. | Phonemes given here are from Standard Evandorian Nordûlaki. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Fricatives | ! Fricatives | ||
| || '''f''' f || '''s''' s<br/>''' | | || '''f''' f || '''s''' s<br/>'''þ''' θ<br/>'''x''' ʃ || || || '''h''' h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Laterals | ! Laterals | ||
| Line 104: | Line 84: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The contrast between high-mid and low-mid vowels only exists in stressed syllables; a circumflex accent denotes the closer vowel, while the more open vowel is only marked with an acute in grammatical paradigms or if the accent is irregular (not on the penultimate).<br/>The length contrast for the /i u a/ qualities (from Old Nordûlaki /eɣ oɣ aɣ/ respectively - /eɣ/ also from /øɣ/) is mostly gerontolectal and also only existing in stressed syllables, but still distinguished orthographically, both in minimal pairs (''mir'' "shoe" (< ONor ''müre''), ''mîr'' "palace" (< ONor ''möğru'')) and in other words (notably ''Nordûlik'' (< ONor ''Nordoğlik'') and ''nordûlaki'' (< '' | The contrast between high-mid and low-mid vowels only exists in stressed syllables; a circumflex accent denotes the closer vowel, while the more open vowel is only marked with an acute in grammatical paradigms or if the accent is irregular (not on the penultimate).<br/>The length contrast for the /i u a/ qualities (from Old Nordûlaki /eɣ oɣ aɣ/ respectively - /eɣ/ also from /øɣ/) is mostly gerontolectal and also only existing in stressed syllables, but still distinguished orthographically, both in minimal pairs (''mir'' "shoe" (< ONor ''müre''), ''mîr'' "palace" (< ONor ''möğru'')) and in other words (notably ''Nordûlik'' (< ONor ''Nordoğlik'') and ''nordûlaki'' (< ''nordoğlaki'')). | ||
Note that, orthographically, what appears to be an i-diphthong followed by '''t''' or '''g''' and either a consonant or nothing is not a diphthong but a sequence of a vowel plus an affricate, compare e.g. ''raitu'' /raɪ̯tu/ "flower" and ''prait'' /pratʃ/ (future particle). | Note that, orthographically, what appears to be an i-diphthong followed by '''t''' or '''g''' and either a consonant or nothing is not a diphthong but a sequence of a vowel plus an affricate, compare e.g. ''raitu'' /raɪ̯tu/ "flower" and ''prait'' /pratʃ/ (future particle). | ||
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nordulaki nouns are inflected for three cases - nominative (least marked), accusative, and genitive - and two numbers - singular and plural. As common among many Evandorian languages, many common nouns have two stems, with consonants that are not present in the least marked form that appear in the others. ''n-stems'' are particularly important to note as they're most commonly feminine nouns, but the gender-marking ''-n'' is often hidden in the nominative (dictionary) form. The Proto-Evandorian vowel harmony system survives in the accusative singular of a few nouns, as some have ''-uħ'' [-uç], while others have ''-eit'' [-etʃ]. | <!--Nordulaki nouns are inflected for three cases - nominative (least marked), accusative, and genitive - and two numbers - singular and plural. As common among many Evandorian languages, many common nouns have two stems, with consonants that are not present in the least marked form that appear in the others. ''n-stems'' are particularly important to note as they're most commonly feminine nouns, but the gender-marking ''-n'' is often hidden in the nominative (dictionary) form. The Proto-Evandorian vowel harmony system survives in the accusative singular of a few nouns, as some have ''-uħ'' [-uç], while others have ''-eit'' [-etʃ]. | ||
Nouns in dictionaries are usually given with two principal parts, the nominative and accusative, as in ''reut, reutuħ'' (hawk) or ''sexki, | Nouns in dictionaries are usually given with two principal parts, the nominative and accusative, as in ''reut, reutuħ'' (hawk) or ''sexki, séxkineit'' (city). Sometimes, however, only the nominative is included. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Vowel stem<br/>''reut, reutuħ''<ref>Many vowel stems may have slightly different behaviours as they were originally consonant stems in Old Nordulaki [ɣ～x]. For example, ''reut, reutuħ'' was ''roytu, roytucht'' in Old Nordulaki.</ref> (m) "hawk" !! colspan=2 | Consonant stem<br/>''werz, werzeit'' (m) "boar" !! colspan=2 | n-stem<br/>''paule, pauléneit'' (f) "girl" | ! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Vowel stem<br/>''reut, reutuħ''<ref>Many vowel stems may have slightly different behaviours as they were originally consonant stems in Old Nordulaki [ɣ～x]. For example, ''reut, reutuħ'' was ''roytu, roytucht'' in Old Nordulaki.</ref> (m) "hawk" !! colspan=2 | Consonant stem<br/>''werz, werzeit'' (m) "boar" !! colspan=2 | n-stem<br/>''paule, pauléneit'' (f) "girl" | ||
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| reutux || reutorx || werzis || werzorx || paulénys || paulénorx | | reutux || reutorx || werzis || werzorx || paulénys || paulénorx | ||
|} | |} | ||
Some nouns, particularly those formed with certain suffixes (like ''-i ～ -in-''), do not change their stress when declined, so that it is orthographically marked in derived forms. An example is ''sexki, séxkinor'' (city, cities) | |||
Nordulaki has grammatical gender, with a basic masculine/feminine distinction, and the notable feature (shared with Spyŋun and Gathura, but not Landward Velken languages) of having an animate/inanimate distinction in the plural, where animate nouns are still either masculine or feminine but inanimate nouns are, for matter of adjectival concordance, singular feminine - this is not shown on the nouns but on the adjectives (pluractional verbs used for them are still plural, however). | Nordulaki has grammatical gender, with a basic masculine/feminine distinction, and the notable feature (shared with Spyŋun and Gathura, but not Landward Velken languages) of having an animate/inanimate distinction in the plural, where animate nouns are still either masculine or feminine but inanimate nouns are, for matter of adjectival concordance, singular feminine - this is not shown on the nouns but on the adjectives (pluractional verbs used for them are still plural, however). | ||
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: ''sexki neuken'' "beautiful city" (feminine sg.) | : ''sexki neuken'' "beautiful city" (feminine sg.) | ||
But: | But: | ||
: ''mêfor neukor'' "beautiful dogs" (masculine | : ''mêfor neukor'' "beautiful dogs" (masculine pl. animate) | ||
: ''paulenor neuxnor'' "beautiful girls" (feminine | : ''paulenor neuxnor'' "beautiful girls" (feminine pl. animate) | ||
: ''fartor neuken'' "beautiful hills" (masculine sg. inanimate) | : ''fartor neuken'' "beautiful hills" (masculine sg. inanimate) | ||
: '' | : ''séxkinor neuken'' "beautiful cities" (feminine sg. inanimate) | ||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives are, inflection-wise, simpler than nouns, as they only inflect for gender and number, and only one subtype inflects for case (in the accusative singular only). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=4 | Front vowel stem<br/>''pîrge'' "red" !! colspan=4 | Back vowel stem<br/>''korôg ～ korogús'' "long" !! colspan=4 | Consonant stem<br/>''neuk ～ neux-'' "beautiful" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Masculine !! colspan=2 | Feminine !! colspan=2 | Masculine !! colspan=2 | Feminine !! colspan=2 | Masculine !! colspan=2 | Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! Animate !! Inanimate !! Animate !! Inanimate !! Animate !! Inanimate !! Animate !! Inanimate !! Animate !! Inanimate !! Animate !! Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| colspan=2 | pîrge || pîrgen || rowspan=2 | pîrgen || colspan=2 | korôg<br/><small>ACC:</small> korogús || korogún || rowspan=2 | korogún || colspan=2 | neuk || neuken || rowspan=2 | neuken | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| pîrgir || pîrgen || pîrginor || korôgor || korogún || korogúnor || neukor || neuken || neuxnor | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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! Future | ! Future | ||
| êx prait | | êx prait | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Calémere]] | [[Category:Calémere]] | ||
[[Category:Artlangs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 02:29, 19 November 2023
| Nordulaki | |
|---|---|
| nordûlaki þêuk nordûlaki | |
| Pronunciation | [norˈdu(ː)laki] [ˈθeʊ̯k norˈdu(ː)laki] |
| Created by | Lili21 |
| Date | Oct 2017 |
| Setting | Calémere |
| Native to | Central Evandor |
| Ethnicity | Nordûlaki |
| Native speakers | 290,000,000 (2312) |
Evandorian languages
| |
| Íscégon script for Nordûlaki | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Nordulik, Raxinara, Listord, Kerbellion, Mersefêny, many others |
Nordulaki, natively (has) þêuk nordûlaki [(has) ˈθeʊ̯k norˈdu(ː)laki], is an Evandorian language of the planet Calémere spoken most notably in the central-northern Evandorian country of Nordulik (nat. Nordûlik; Old Nordulaki: Nordoğlik) but also in many former colonies - for a total of 35 countries - around the planet.
Today, Nordulaki is the second most important and most spoken language in the Western world, after its western neighbor Cerian, and Nordulaki itself was the main diplomatic and scientific language of the world until half a century ago. It is the fourth most spoken language on the planet, after Cerian, Chlouvānem, and Spocian.
Nordulaki is a member of the Velken branch, a sub-branch of Northern Evandorian - which includes the Velken languages and Gathura at the northern end of the continent. Nordulaki's closest sibling is Spyŋun (Spinu in Nordulaki), spoken in its small southern neighbor Spyŋ, but both of them still have many similarities with the Landward Velken sub-branch to the east, which includes, most notably, Kalese; a noticeable distinction between Nordulaki and Spyŋun and the Landward Velken languages is the former two's complete lack of the aspectual distinctions that characterize the verbs in Landward Velken languages. Nordulaki is among the most isolating Evandorian languages, except for nouns - which display the typical Northern Evandorian trait of having evolved a genitive case, which Proto-Evandorian did not have.
External History
Even if I only started working on this version in October 2017, Nordûlaki is, together with Cerian, one of my oldest conlangs as far as its name is concerned - I first made two concountries named "Ceria" and "Nordulikh" in a map I made around 2007 or 2008. Ever since I began working on Calémere in 2014, I decided that those two countries were to be the most important countries of the Western world - I dare say Ceria is my conworld's England while Nordûlik is its analogue of France, though by their placement it'd be better to say that Ceria is the France-looking one and Nordûlik is more like Germany. Nordûlaki itself is among my favourite conlangs of mine aesthetically - grammatically I did not have many definite inspirations, just some ideas I tried to use while in a grammar that made sense as an Evandorian language; aesthetically it's quite easy to notice the influence from Catalan.
Phonology
Phonemes given here are from Standard Evandorian Nordûlaki.
Orthography
Consonants
| → PoA ↓ Manner |
Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m m | n n | ny ɲ | |||
| Plosives | p p b b |
t t d d |
k k g g |
|||
| Affricates | ts ts it[1] tʃ ig[2] dʒ |
|||||
| Fricatives | f f | s s þ θ x ʃ |
h h | |||
| Laterals | l l | ll ʎ | ||||
| Trill | r r | |||||
| Approximants | j j | w w |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i î i (iː) | u û u (uː) | |
| High-mid | ê e | ô o | |
| Low-mid | e (é) ɛ | o (ó) ɔ | |
| Low | a â a (aː) | ||
| u-Diphthongs | iu êu eu iʊ̯ eʊ̯ ɛʊ̯ | ou au ɔʊ̯ ɑʊ̯ | |
| i-Diphthongs | êi ei ai eɪ̯ ɛɪ̯ aɪ̯ | ui oi uɪ̯ oɪ̯ | |
| e-Diphthongs | ie ie̯ | ue ue̯ |
The contrast between high-mid and low-mid vowels only exists in stressed syllables; a circumflex accent denotes the closer vowel, while the more open vowel is only marked with an acute in grammatical paradigms or if the accent is irregular (not on the penultimate).
The length contrast for the /i u a/ qualities (from Old Nordûlaki /eɣ oɣ aɣ/ respectively - /eɣ/ also from /øɣ/) is mostly gerontolectal and also only existing in stressed syllables, but still distinguished orthographically, both in minimal pairs (mir "shoe" (< ONor müre), mîr "palace" (< ONor möğru)) and in other words (notably Nordûlik (< ONor Nordoğlik) and nordûlaki (< nordoğlaki)).
Note that, orthographically, what appears to be an i-diphthong followed by t or g and either a consonant or nothing is not a diphthong but a sequence of a vowel plus an affricate, compare e.g. raitu /raɪ̯tu/ "flower" and prait /pratʃ/ (future particle).
Prosody
Stress
Stress is phonemic and usually on the penultimate syllable; if it appears on a previous syllable, it is marked orthographically. Except for monosyllables, words are never stressed on the last syllable if it is open. Stress is always marked orthographically with a circumflex accent if the stressed vowel is /e o/ or a (mostly historic) long vowel /aː iː uː/.