Qualdomelic

Kalurilut
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|sakaluʁiˈlut]]
Created by	Lili21
Date	Jun 2016
Setting	Calémere
Ethnicity	suKalurilut
Native speakers	40,000,000 (4E Ɛ1 / 2312)
Language family	Isolate Kalurilut

The Kalurilut language (natively saKalurilut [sakaluʁiˈlut]) is a language isolate of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by virtually all people in iKalurilut, a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language, and also by some minority in the northwestern Chlouvānem Inquisition (the country iKalurilut shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in Leny-tḥewe, Ebed-dowa, Oempras (all three divided from iKalurilut by the Ittungaq Gulf (or Sea — in Kal. ivulit Ittungaq), as well as some diaspora communities in other parts of the former Kaiṣamā (notably in Nerekton), in Greater Skyrdagor, and also in the west There are about 40 million native Kalurilut speakers, the vast majority in iKalurilut.
As the language of a people - the suKalurilut - situated in a vital bottleneck of commerce between the Eastern and Western parts of central-northern Márusúturon, many words from it have entered languages of neighboring peoples, and an older form of iKalurilut was a lingua franca in a vast area of the continent. In the next centuries, its importance on the continent began to sharply fall, mostly due to the rise of the empire of Greater Skyrdagor to the northeast and the conquest of most lands to the south of iKalurilut — where saKalurilut was the lingua franca — by the Chlouvānem from the southeast. Kalurilut still influenced both languages, with often loanwords from Chlouvānem to Skyrdagor and vice versa showing signs of being borrowed through the means of Kalurilut first. Still, Kalurilut itself absorbed lots of loanwords, especially religious terminology and modern-day concepts from Chlouvānem, starting from the suKalurilut's conversion to the Yunyalīlti religion.

After a long period where its international importance was overshadowed by the far greater reach of Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor, the Kalurilut language is now getting a revival in abroad learning, aided by the less strict visa policies and better human rights record for foreigners in iKalurilut when compared to the Chlouvānem Inquisition, so that the country has become an obligatory destination for most Westerners interested in Eastern Calemerian culture, lifestyle, and sciences, as well as life in the environmental-friendliest country on Calémere.

Phonology

Consonants

Kalurilut has a rather small consonant inventory, with only twelve native consonants; every Kalurilut dialect, however, adds at least /ʃ/ in loans due to its high occurrence in loans from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem; many dialects, including the standard one, also add /h/ mainly from the same sources.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Plosive	p		t			k	q
Fricative			s	(ʃ)			ʁ	(h)
Approximant		ʋ			j
Lateral app.			l

This inventory is strictly based on the standard dialect of Kalurilut, spoken in iRunguunap (and thus sometimes called saRunguunap), the region of central-northern iKalurilut along the iPiarunngit river. Many dialects, especially in the south, as well as those spoken in areas where Kalurilut speakers are a minority, keep the voicing contrast in loanwords.

In saRunguunap or Standard saKalurilut, the affricate [t͡s], which usually only appears as an allophone of /tt/ before /i(ː)/ and of /ss/ before /i(ː) u(ː)/, may be considered phonemic due to its presence in a few Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor loanwords (e.g. runatsukai (petroleum) < Chl. natsukai).

Vowels

Kalurilut has a standard three-vowel system with length distinction. /e o/ are loaned vowels, appearing in loanwords, mostly from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem, which entered the language in the last fifty years.

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː		u uː
Mid	(e)		(o)
Low		a aː

Allophonic presence of [e o] in native words is found in many Western Kalurilut dialects (thus not in saRunguunap), as allophones of /i u/ (not /iː uː/) before uvular or glottal consonants.

Phonotactics

The saKalurilut syllable structure is (C)(/j ʋ/)V(C), where V can be any long or short vowel. Different adjacent vowels are phonologically in distinct syllables.

Word-finally, the only possible consonants are /m n ŋ p t k q/.

Morphophonology

A striking feature of saKalurilut is the assimilation and dissimilation of neighboring consonants - typically, the second consonant prevails, unless the first is m or q, but there are exceptions:

C_ ↓ / _C →	m	n	ng	p	t	k	q	s	r	v	j	l
m	mm	mm	nng	mm			nng	tt	rm	ff /ʋʋ/	mj	mm
n		nn	nng	pp	tt	kk	ngr	ss	rn	nv	nj	ll [ɬː]
ng		nng						rs	ngr	ngv	ngj
p		nn					qq	ss	rr	ff /ʋʋ/	ḥḥ /jj/ [çː]
t											ts /tj/
k					kt						kj
q				qq					qq		ḥḥ /jj/ [çː]	qq
s				pp	tt	kk	qq		rr	ss	sj	ll [ɬː]
r	rm		ngr	rf /ʁp/	rt	rk	rq	rs	rr	rv	rj
v	mm	nn	nng	pp	tt	kk	qq	ss	rr	ff /ʋʋ/	ngj
j											ḥḥ /jj/ [çː]
l										tt	lj

Note that /ss/ is written ts and pronounced [t͡s] before /i(ː) u(ː)/; the same is also valid for /tt/ before /i(ː)/ as well as for the sequence /tj/.

This table only applies to saRunguumap; different dialects may have different realizations, which in some cases have been imported as distinct words into the standard language - e.g. the city of iKaannaliut in northern iKalurilut, meaning "Shark Bay" (-kaan-ualiut) - in the standard dialect it would have been iKaanvaliut with [-nʋ-] instead of [-nn-].

Morphology

Noun classes

Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects.

Class	Semantic field	Nominal prefix	Subj. prefix	Obj. prefix	Example
1	People, humans (SG)	ka-	ka-	a-	kangaq (person)
2	People, humans (PL)	su-	su-	ia-	sungaq (people)
3	Animals (SG)	tu-	ti-	ta-	tutavik (wolf)
4	Animals (PL)	naq-	na-	ina-	naqqavik (wolves)
5	Plants, various animates (SG)	u-	u-	ta-	usangat (tree)
6	Plants, various animates (PL)	qaa-	qaa-	nga-	qaasangat (trees)
7	Artifacts, languages (SG)	sa-	si-	∅-	sapatut (hammer)
8	Artifacts, languages (PL)	tuu-	tui-	ai-	tuupatut (hammers)
9	Natural features, lands (SG)	i- ∅-	i-	∅-	ikavik (river)
10	Natural features, lands (PL)	ittu-			ittukavik (rivers)
11	Misc., abstract + most borrowings (SG)	ru- na-*	ri-	a-	rutarraa (knowledge (< Chl. tarlā))
12	Misc., abstract + most borrowings (PL)	iqa-	qi-	ia-	iqatarraa (studies)
13	Verbal infinitives	tii- -qa/-aq	qui-	ngi-	tiitaasaq (to build (root -taas-))

The na- prefix in class 11 is only used with a few roots, notably naartut (group, organization) and naraqiak (lead, drive, government).

Adjectival and derivational use of class prefixes

Class prefixes in saKalurilut may be commonly switched, especially with roots that are typically used in a single class, in order to derive an adjectival meaning. -ttungaq (sunset, West) and -narviut (sunrise, East) are two striking examples:

• saisivat "road"; rungaq "culture" ittungaq "sunset, West"; inarviut "sunrise, East"
• saisivat sattungaq "Western road"; saisivat sanarviut "Eastern road"
  • tuuisivat tuuttungaq "Western roads"; tuuisivat tuunarviut "Eastern roads"
• rungaq ruttungaq "Western culture"; rungaq runarviut "Eastern culture"
  • iqangaq iqattungaq "Western cultures"; iqangaq iqanarviut "Eastern cultures"

Another common use of class prefixes is derivational: different words may be derived just by putting a single root in different classes. So for example we have kaKalurilut (a Kalurilut person), saKalurilut (the Kalurilut language), iKalurilut (the Kalurilut land), or ruKalurilut (Kalurilut-ness, or their ethnic identity). Note that, however, the class 2 form is irregular Sulurilut (instead of *suKalurilut).
In the previous example, rungaq and its plural iqangaq are formed by putting in class 11/12 the root -ngaq, that in class 1/2 gives kangaq, sungaq (person, people). Sometimes they're less obvious synchronically, e.g. tutavik (wolf) and rutavik (moon).

Derivation is especially common with verbal roots:

• class 13: tiingiupaq "to pass, cross (intr.)"
• class 9/10: ingiup "passage", ittungiup "passages"
• class 1/2: kangiup "traveller", sungiup "travellers"
• class 3/4: tungiup "migratory bird", nangriup "migratory birds"

Pronouns

Pronouns, in saKalurilut, distinguish three different roles (nominative, accusative, and "indirect") with a total of five different forms (there being accusative and dative verbal clitics). There is a singular/plural contrast with also a distinction between exclusive and inclusive 1PL. Note that in the third person "X" pronoun, the ～ part refers to the noun class prefix to be added, e.g. kalliiq (he/she - class 1), sulliiq (they - class 2); tulliiq (he/she/it - class 3), naqqiiq (they - class 4) and so on. The same graphical representation is used in the last column, which contains possessive adjectives (e.g. kapungit (my - class 1); supungit (my - class 2)...).

The clitics for the 3rd X pronoun are the same as the corresponding noun class ones; they have no distinct indirect prefixes.

Person ↓ / Form →		Nominative	Accusative		Indirect		Poss. adj.
			Full	Clitic	Full	Clitic
Sg.	1st	puu	pasi	pa-	paqaap	ppi-	～pungit
	2nd	qaang	qavi	qa-	qaviat	qiit-	～qaasit
	3rd masc.	iaak	iisin	iis-	iivaat	vii-	～niit
	3rd fem.	lut	luuni	luu-	luvat	lit-	～livit
3rd X		～lliiq	～lunuk	—	～llung	—	～lliutta
Pl.	1st incl.	kanngin	kassi	kak-	kungittu	kiit-	～kakkit
	1st excl.	kivut	kiisi	kaai-	kivaa	kiu-	～kiusut
	2nd	laaram	lassi	lar-	larissu	laar-	～laariut
	3rd (masc. & fem.)	rallaam	ralli	raa-	rallusu	ruut-	～ralinngit

Syntax

Constituent order

The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb:

puu ura upungit uliraat taas saliaq.

puu u-ra u-pungit u-liraat ∅-taas sa-liaq

1SG.NOM 5-for. 5-my. 5-family. 7.OBJ-build. 7-house.

I build a house for my family.

Vocabulary

Months

→ See also: Chlouvānem calendar

The modern Kalurilut calendar is basically the same as the Chlouvānem one. Month names are all loanwords from Chlouvānem, mostly shortened forms of the original full loans found in archaic texts:

1. ruMaanguta (Māltapārṇāvi)
2. ruParaata (Kanamiprātas)
3. ruPaantanga (Pāṇḍalañši)
4. ruMainga (Kanamimaila)
5. ruMuqqaasena (Murkāsena)
6. ruPuungusu (Būṃṣprātas)
7. ruNgangijaa (Laliāñaiṭa)
8. ruParausaa (Brausāsena)
9. ruReiraa (Mailaheirah)
10. ruIaamijaa (Ñariāyāmyah)
11. ruPaivaavami (Bhaivyāvammi)
12. ruIlaamjaasena (Īlāmyasena)
13. ruRengivaa (Hælvyāsena)
14. ruTšamimet (Camimæchliė)

Festivities

→ See also: Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays

The main festivities in iKalurilut are the religious Yunyalīlti ones:

• uNissuaq uKinngaa or uRanire uNaatšašaraan (New Year — Chl.: ranire nājaṣrān) - 1 ruMaanguta
• uIimpatšangišaa (Festival of Harmony and Colours — hīmbajaṃšā) - 4 ruPaantanga
• uTšamingangijaatšangišaa (Festival of the Greater Night — camilaliājaṃšā) - 13 (15₁₀) ruMainga (winter solstice)
• uMaivatšangišaa (Festival of the Word — maivajaṃšā) - 10 ruNgangiiaa
• uTšangiratšajaatšangišaa (Festival of the Final Fire — caṃkrajavyājaṃšā) - 1Ɛ (23₁₀) ruParausaa
• uPaivaavaašara (Oboe Nights — bhaivyāvāṣara) - 13 to 16 (15₁₀ to 18₁₀) ruPaivaavami
• uKaingitšangišaa (Festival of Purity — kaili jaṃšā) - 4 ruRengivaa
• saNippaq ngaruNissuaq ruTavik (New Moon's Day — lališire hulei pārṇam) - variable (first day of the lunar year)