Qualdomelic: Difference between revisions

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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is not phonemic and (in the standard language) fixed on the last syllable.
====Intonation====
====Intonation====



Revision as of 12:57, 11 January 2018

Kalurilut
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|sakaluʁiˈlut]]
Created byLili21
DateJun 2016
SettingCalémere
EthnicitysuKalurilut
Native speakers40,000,000 (4E Ɛ1 / 2312)
Isolate
  • Kalurilut

The Kalurilut language (natively saKalurilut [sakaluʁiˈlut]) is a language isolate of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by virtually all people in iKalurilut, a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language[1], and also by some minority in the northwestern Chlouvānem Inquisition (the country iKalurilut shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in Leny-tḥewe, Ebed-dowa, Oempras (all three divided from iKalurilut by the Ittungaq Gulf (or Sea — in Kal. ivulit Ittungaq), as well as some diaspora communities in other parts of the former Kaiṣamā (notably in Nerekton), in Greater Skyrdagor, and also in the west There are about 40 million native Kalurilut speakers, the vast majority in iKalurilut.
As the language of a people - the suKalurilut - situated in a vital bottleneck of commerce between the Eastern and Western parts of central-northern Márusúturon, many words from it have entered languages of neighboring peoples, and an older form of iKalurilut was a lingua franca in a vast area of the continent. In the next centuries, its importance on the continent began to sharply fall, mostly due to the rise of the empire of Greater Skyrdagor to the northeast and the conquest of most lands to the south of iKalurilut — where saKalurilut was the lingua franca — by the Chlouvānem from the southeast. Kalurilut still influenced both languages, with often loanwords from Chlouvānem to Skyrdagor and vice versa showing signs of being borrowed through the means of Kalurilut first. Still, Kalurilut itself absorbed lots of loanwords, especially religious terminology and modern-day concepts from Chlouvānem, starting from the suKalurilut's conversion to the Yunyalīlti religion.

After a long period where its international importance was overshadowed by the far greater reach of Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor, the Kalurilut language is now getting a revival in abroad learning, aided by the less strict visa policies and better human rights record for foreigners in iKalurilut when compared to the Chlouvānem Inquisition, so that the country has become an obligatory destination for most Westerners interested in Eastern Calemerian culture, lifestyle, and sciences, as well as life in the environmental-friendliest country on Calémere.

iKalurilut

Kalurilut Republic
Native name Naasimiartut ruKalurilut
Capital iVarittuaq
Capital
(and largest city)
Arvallivat
Ethnic groups Kalurilut (Sulurilut) 81,5%
Chlouvānem (suTšingevaanem) 17%
others 1,5%
Religion Yunyalīlti 96%
others 4%
Nationwide official language saKalurilut
Other languages Chlouvānem (regional, South)
Demonym Kalurilut; Kal: kaKalurilut, pl.: Sulurilut
Area ~TBA
Population 39,838,427 (6418 census)
Population density ~TBA
Government Presidential republic
President
Raajullik Mittuk kamiuq Paasiit
Currency saQilluk
Drives on the left
Calling code +840

iKalurilut (native pronunciation: [ikaluʁiˈlut]), officially the Kalurilut Republic (Naasimiartut ruKalurilut [naːsimiaχˈtut ʁukaluʁiˈlut]), is a country in central Márusúturon, a continent of Calémere. It borders, clockwise from the north, Ylvostydh, Brono, and the Chlouvānem Inquisition; its western borders are maritime, on the Skyrdegan Inner Sea, more precisely the two inlets called Ittungaq Sea (ivulit ittungaq, a.k.a. High Ivulit in Chlouvānem sources) and (its southernmost part) Allaasinanngiup Gulf (ikiissulit allaasinanngiup, a.k.a. Little Ivulit), which divide it from the countries of Leny-tḥewe, Ebed-dowa, and Oempras. Most of its current borders are mountainous, with the country's highest peak, Mount Isivaruuk (ingalup iSivaruuk), on the Chlouvānem border and very close to the tripoint with Brono, being 3.ᘔƐ2 pā (675810 = about 7021.5 m) high.

iKalurilut lies almost entirely between latitudes 30° and 39°N; its southernmost point is just about one mile south of the 30th parallel north. The country may be divided, thanks to its various mountain chains, in three distinct zones: the iRunguunap plain, along the iPiarunngit river, which lies in the central-northern part of the country and is its most densely populated part; the long but narrow western coast; and the central highlands, which are river basins that ultimately all drain into the western coast through two major rivers - the iSitilluq in the central part and the iKalappiq in the far south[2] - that cut through the mountains in impressive canyon systems.

iKalurilut, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously Yunyalīlti. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Sulurilut, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Kalurilut, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. saKalurilut is the only nationwide official language - Chlouvānem is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Sulurilut due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Kalurilut has a rather small consonant inventory, with only twelve native consonants; every Kalurilut dialect, however, adds at least /ʃ/ in loans due to its high occurrence in loans from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem; many dialects, including the standard one, also add /h/ mainly from the same sources.

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p t k q
Fricative s (ʃ) ʁ (h)
Approximant ʋ j
Lateral app. l

This inventory is strictly based on the standard dialect of Kalurilut, spoken in iRunguunap (and thus sometimes called saRunguunap), the region of central-northern iKalurilut along the iPiarunngit river. Many dialects, especially in the south, as well as those spoken in areas where Kalurilut speakers are a minority, keep the voicing contrast in loanwords.

In saRunguunap or Standard saKalurilut, the affricate [t͡s], which usually only appears as an allophone of /tt/ before /i(ː)/ and of /ss/ before /i(ː) u(ː)/, may be considered phonemic due to its presence in a few Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor loanwords (e.g. runatsukai (petroleum) < Chl. natsukai).

Vowels

Kalurilut has a standard three-vowel system with length distinction. /e o/ are loaned vowels, appearing in loanwords, mostly from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem, which entered the language in the last fifty years.

Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid (e) (o)
Low a aː

Allophonic presence of [e o] in native words is found in many Western Kalurilut dialects (thus not in saRunguunap), as allophones of /i u/ (not /iː uː/) before uvular or glottal consonants.

Prosody

Stress

Stress is not phonemic and (in the standard language) fixed on the last syllable.

Intonation

Phonotactics

The saKalurilut syllable structure is (C)(/j ʋ/)V(C), where V can be any long or short vowel. Different adjacent vowels are phonologically in distinct syllables.

Word-finally, the only possible consonants are /m n ŋ p t k q/.

Morphophonology

A striking feature of saKalurilut is the assimilation and dissimilation of neighboring consonants - typically, the second consonant prevails, unless the first is m or q, but there are exceptions:

C_ ↓ / _C → m n ng p t k q s r v j l
m mm mm nng mm nng tt rm ff
/ʋʋ/
mj mm
n nn nng pp tt kk ngr ss rn nv nj ll
[ɬː]
ng nng rs ngr ngv ngj
p nn qq ss rr ff
/ʋʋ/
ḥḥ
/jj/
[çː]
t ts
/tj/
k kt kj
q qq qq ḥḥ
/jj/
[çː]
qq
s pp tt kk qq rr ss sj ll
[ɬː]
r rm ngr rf
/ʁp/
rt rk rq rs rr rv rj
v mm nn nng pp tt kk qq ss rr ff
/ʋʋ/
ngj
j ḥḥ
/jj/
[çː]
l tt lj

Note that /ss/ is written ts and pronounced [t͡s] before /i(ː) u(ː)/; the same is also valid for /tt/ before /i(ː)/ as well as for the sequence /tj/.

This table only applies to saRunguumap; different dialects may have different realizations, which in some cases have been imported as distinct words into the standard language - e.g. the city of iKaannaliut in northern iKalurilut, meaning "Shark Bay" (-kaan-ualiut) - in the standard dialect it would have been iKaanvaliut with [-nʋ-] instead of [-nn-].

Morphology

Noun classes

Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects.

Class Semantic field Nominal prefix Subj. prefix Obj. prefix Example
1 People, humans (SG) ka- ka- a- kangaq (person)
2 People, humans (PL) su- su- ia- sungaq (people)
3 Animals (SG) tu- ti- ta- tutavik (wolf)
4 Animals (PL) naq- na- ina- naqqavik (wolves)
5 Plants, various animates (SG) u- u- ta- usangat (tree)
6 Plants, various animates (PL) qaa- qaa- nga- qaasangat (trees)
7 Artifacts, languages (SG) sa- si- ∅- sapatut (hammer)
8 Artifacts, languages (PL) tuu- tui- ai- tuupatut (hammers)
9 Natural features, lands (SG) i-
∅-[3]
i- ∅- ikavik (river)
10 Natural features, lands (PL) ittu- ittukavik (rivers)
11 Misc., abstract + most borrowings (SG) ru-
na-*
ri- a- rutarraa (knowledge (< Chl. tarlā))
12 Misc., abstract + most borrowings (PL) iqa- qi- ia- iqatarraa (studies)
13 Verbal infinitives tii- -qa/-aq qui- ngi- tiitaasaq (to build (root -taas-))

The na- prefix in class 11 is only used with a few roots, notably naartut (group, organization) and naraqiak (lead, drive, government).

Adjectival and derivational use of class prefixes

Class prefixes in saKalurilut may be commonly switched, especially with roots that are typically used in a single class, in order to derive an adjectival meaning. -ttungaq (sunset, West) and -narviut (sunrise, East) are two striking examples:

  • saisivat "road"; rungaq "culture" ittungaq "sunset, West"; inarviut "sunrise, East"
  • saisivat sattungaq "Western road"; saisivat sanarviut "Eastern road"
    • tuuisivat tuuttungaq "Western roads"; tuuisivat tuunarviut "Eastern roads"
  • rungaq ruttungaq "Western culture"; rungaq runarviut "Eastern culture"
    • iqangaq iqattungaq "Western cultures"; iqangaq iqanarviut "Eastern cultures"

Another common use of class prefixes is derivational: different words may be derived just by putting a single root in different classes. So for example we have kaKalurilut (a Kalurilut person), saKalurilut (the Kalurilut language), iKalurilut (the Kalurilut land), or ruKalurilut (Kalurilut-ness, or their ethnic identity). Note that, however, the class 2 form is irregular Sulurilut (instead of *suKalurilut).
In the previous example, rungaq and its plural iqangaq are formed by putting in class 11/12 the root -ngaq, that in class 1/2 gives kangaq, sungaq (person, people). Sometimes they're less obvious synchronically, e.g. tutavik (wolf) and rutavik (moon).

Derivation is especially common with verbal roots:

  • class 13: tiingiupaq "to pass, cross (intr.)"
  • class 9/10: ingiup "passage", ittungiup "passages"
  • class 1/2: kangiup "traveller", sungiup "travellers"
  • class 3/4: tungiup "migratory bird", nangriup "migratory birds"

Pronouns

Pronouns, in saKalurilut, distinguish three different roles (nominative, accusative, and "indirect") with a total of five different forms (there being accusative and dative verbal clitics). There is a singular/plural contrast with also a distinction between exclusive and inclusive 1PL. Note that in the third person "X" pronoun, the part refers to the noun class prefix to be added, e.g. kalliiq (he/she - class 1), sulliiq (they - class 2); tulliiq (he/she/it - class 3), naqqiiq (they - class 4) and so on. The same graphical representation is used in the last column, which contains possessive adjectives (e.g. kapungit (my - class 1); supungit (my - class 2)...).

The clitics for the 3rd X pronoun are the same as the corresponding noun class ones; they have no distinct indirect prefixes.

Person ↓ / Form → Nominative Accusative Indirect Poss. adj.
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Sg. 1st puu pasi pa- paqaap ppi- ~pungit
2nd qaang qavi qa- qaviat qiit- ~qaasit
3rd masc. iaak iisin iis- iivaat vii- ~niit
3rd fem. lut luuni luu- luvat lit- ~livit
3rd X ~lliiq ~lunuk ~llung ~lliutta
Pl. 1st incl. kanngin kassi kak- kungittu kiit- ~kakkit
1st excl. kivut kiisi kaai- kivaa kiu- ~kiusut
2nd laaram lassi lar- larissu laar- ~laariut
3rd (masc. & fem.) rallaam ralli raa- rallusu ruut- ~ralinngit



Syntax

Constituent order

The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb:

puu ura upungit uliraat taas saliaq.
puu u-ra u-pungit u-liraat ∅-taas sa-liaq
1SG.NOM 5-for. 5-my. 5-family. 7.OBJ-build. 7-house.
I build a house for my family.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Months

See also: Chlouvānem calendar

The modern Kalurilut calendar is basically the same as the Chlouvānem one. Month names are all loanwords from Chlouvānem, mostly shortened forms of the original full loans found in archaic texts:

  1. ruMaanguta (Māltapārṇāvi)
  2. ruParaata (Kanamiprātas)
  3. ruPaantanga (Pāṇḍalañši)
  4. ruMainga (Kanamimaila)
  5. ruMuqqaasena (Murkāsena)
  6. ruPuungusu (Būṃṣprātas)
  7. ruNgangijaa (Laliāñaiṭa)
  8. ruParausaa (Brausāsena)
  9. ruReiraa (Mailaheirah)
  10. ruIaamijaa (Ñariāyāmyah)
  11. ruPaivaavami (Bhaivyāvammi)
  12. ruIlaamjaasena (Īlāmyasena)
  13. ruRengivaa (Hælvyāsena)
  14. ruTšamimet (Camimæchliė)

Festivities

See also: Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays

The main festivities in iKalurilut are the religious Yunyalīlti ones:

  • uNissuaq uKinngaa or uRanire uNaatšašaraan (New Year — Chl.: ranire nājaṣrān) - 1 ruMaanguta
  • uIimpatšangišaa (Festival of Harmony and Colours — hīmbajaṃšā) - 4 ruPaantanga
  • uTšamingangijaatšangišaa (Festival of the Greater Night — camilaliājaṃšā) - 13 (1510) ruMainga (winter solstice)
  • uMaivatšangišaa (Festival of the Word — maivajaṃšā) - 10 ruNgangiiaa
  • uTšangiratšajaatšangišaa (Festival of the Final Fire — caṃkrajavyājaṃšā) - 1Ɛ (2310) ruParausaa
  • uPaivaavaašara (Oboe Nights — bhaivyāvāṣara) - 13 to 16 (1510 to 1810) ruPaivaavami
  • uKaingitšangišaa (Festival of Purity — kaili jaṃšā) - 4 ruRengivaa
  • saNippaq ngaruNissuaq ruTavik (New Moon's Day — lališire hulei pārṇam) - variable (first day of the lunar year)

Example texts

Other resources

  1. ^ Chlouvānem and a few minority languages are co-official in some regions.
  2. ^ The final stretch of the iKalappiq river, after the canyons, also marks a small section of the border between iKalurilut and the Chlouvānem Inquisition.
  3. ^ Before vowels.