Quame languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Quihum languages/Lexicon]]
[[Quihum languages/Swadesh list]]
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quihum
| name        = Quihum
| familycolor = PfK
| familycolor = quihum
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
Line 10: Line 14:
}}
}}


The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''britsa Cvillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]].
The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''britsa Cvillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Naquian]], and [[Sjowaazhéñ]].
 
 
==Todo==
Should I keep an ejective series or not?
 
If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
 
*Cr > C'?
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
 
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t, *c'''
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
| '''*ɢ'''
| '''*ɢʷ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
|
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*χ'''
| '''*χʷ'''
| '''*h'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
| '''*ł, *l, *r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''
|
| '''*u ū'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a *ā'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
 
===Phonotactics===
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German).
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb "binyanim"
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''e''-grade: ?
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: bare verbal noun
*''u''-grade: passive for verbs?
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Nominals===
Nouns had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.
* two cases: nominative and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
 
=====i-stems=====
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
====Inanimate nouns====
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
jénəqws 'water'
 
=====i-stems=====
''welís'' 'name'
 
=====u-stems=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
Should be Native American-ish
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Voice in finite verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only voice in participles can.
====Personal affixes====
====Object affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''n-''
|
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|
|-
!|2
|
|
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|
|}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]

Revision as of 18:41, 27 June 2018

Quihum languages/Lexicon

Quihum languages/Swadesh list

Quihum
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Quihum
Subdivisions

The Quihum languages (Eevo: britsa Cvillym, from *kʷíx̌əm, the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in Tricin, descended from Proto-Quihum (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are Thensarian, Naquian, and Sjowaazhéñ.


Todo

Should I keep an ejective series or not?

If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?

  • Cr > C'?
  • Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')

Overview

Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.

Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal *m *n
Plosive plain *p *t, *c *k *kʷ *q *qʷ *ʔ
voiced *b *d, *z *g *gʷ *ɢ *ɢʷ
Fricative *f *þ, *s *x *xʷ *χ *χʷ *h
Resonant *ł, *l, *r *y /j/ *w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close *i ī *u ū
Mid *e *ē *ə
Open *a *ā

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Rules:

  • Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.

Grammar

Typology

The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German).

Ablaut

Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.

Functions of ablaut

  • Noun inflections
  • Verb inflections
  • Verb "binyanim"
  • Deriving nouns and verbs

Ablaut grades

  • a-grade: present tense
  • e-grade: ?
  • i-grade: preterite tense
  • ə-grade: bare verbal noun
  • u-grade: passive for verbs?
  • ∅-grade: derivations
  • lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices

Nominals

Nouns had:

  • two genders: animate, inanimate.
    • There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in Talmic, meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
  • two states: absolute and construct.
  • two cases: nominative and genitive.
  • two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.

Possible declensions:

  • a-stems
  • x̌-stems
  • i-stems
  • u-stems
  • consonant stems
  • heteroclitic stems: r/s

Animate nouns

a-stems
δoerom 'bird'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute δoerom '
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Genitive Absolute ' δoerōni
Construct '-' '-'
Accusative Absolute '-' δoerobim
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Consonant stems
māram 'tree'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute māram '
Construct mārīs mārae
Genitive Absolute ' mārini
Construct māria '-'
Accusative Absolute māribos mārebim
Construct mārīs mārae
i-stems
u-stems
x̌-stems (honorific stems)
r/s-stems

Inanimate nouns

Heteroclitic stems
a-stems
δoerom 'bird'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute δoerom δeδoerom
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Genitive Absolute δeδoerot δoerōni
Construct '-' '-'
Accusative Absolute '-' δoerobim
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Consonant stems

jénəqws 'water'

i-stems

welís 'name'

u-stems
r/s-stems

Verbs

Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).

Should be Native American-ish

  • Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
  • Aspects: present, preterite, stative
  • Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
  • Voice in finite verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only voice in participles can.

Personal affixes

Object affixes

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 n-
1 + 2 -
2
3 bi-

References

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