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|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Ris
|name = Ris
|nativename = Rhanzi ri
|nativename = oī́kas ri
|pronunciation= /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/
|pronunciation= ɔˈɪːkas rɪ
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|setting = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|nation = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
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|family=Jasi-Jivan languages
|family=Jasi-Jivan languages
|ancestor=Proto-Jivan
|ancestor=Proto-Jivan
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|script1=Latn
|agency=
|script2=Grek
|iso1=ri
|clcr=qri
|iso2=ri
|iso3=qri
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}


The '''Ris''' language, ''oikas ri'' /ɔˈɪːkas  rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages.  
The '''Ris''' language, ''oī́kas ri'', /ɔˈɪːkas  rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages.  


Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.


Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]].
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]].


Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 17 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Consonants
! colspan="8"|Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|
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!  Dental
!  Dental
!  Alveolar
!  Alveolar
!  Postalveolar
!  Velar
!  Velar
!  Glottal
!  Glottal
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!<small>plain</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
|colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>affricate</small>
|'''ph''' /pʰ/
|'''ph''' /p͡f/
|'''th''' /t̪ʰ/
|'''th''' /t͡θ/
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|
|
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
|'''kh''' /k͡x/
|  
|  
|-
|-
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|colspan="2"|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|'''g''' /g/
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|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''s''' /s/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/
|-
|-
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|
|
|'''z''' /z/
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|  
|  
| '''r''' /r̥/
| '''rh''' /r̥/
|
|
|
|
|
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|  
|  
| '''r''' /r/
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ/
|
|
|}
|}
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
There are 8 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language.
There are 6 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language.


All vowels are lengthened when stressed, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are the only ones that change their quality; they are pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="1"|
! Front
! Front
! Near-front
! Near-front
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! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Close
! Close
! <small>short</small>
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉ/
|
|
|
|-
! <small>long</small>
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉː/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Near-close
!Near-close
!<small>short</small>
|
|
|'''i '''/ɪ/  
|'''i '''/ɪ/ · '''y''' /ʏ/
|
|
|'''ou''' /ʊ/
|'''ou '''/ʊ/
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
!Close-mid
|
|'''i '''/ɪː/
|
|
|'''ou '''/ʊː/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|Close-mid
|'''e''' /eː/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''o''' /oː/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Mid
!Mid
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Open-mid
!Open-mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
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|'''o''' /ɔ/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Near-open
!Near-open
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
!Open
!<small>short</small>
|'''a '''/a/
|
|
|'''a '''/ä/
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>long</small>
|
|
|
|
|'''a'''/äː/
|
|
|}
Other than that, my vowels are rather simple. No mystics quirks at all. Well, that's if you choose to ignore the [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] and [[w:umlaut|umlaut]] process in the '''Mirskya dialect'''. Makes it a tad more interesting, in my opinion.
<!-- ==Orthography==
Ris is primarily written in the [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]], but the original alphabet was in fact [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]]. In its classical and modern form, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega; or ''ai mḗ otḗma'' in Ris. The below table shows the two alphabets and the Ris names for the letters, as well as the pronunciation in '''Standard Ris''' and the colloquial '''Ouis dialect'''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Orthography
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Greek
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Latin
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Pronunciation
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ris
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ouis
|-
|Α α
|''άλπα''
|A a
|''ai''
| colspan="2"|/a/
|-
|Β β
|''βήτα''
|B b
|''bou''
|/b/
|/β/
|-
|Γ γ
|''γάμμα''
|G g
|''gou''
|/g/
|/ɣ/
|-
|Δ δ
|''δέλτα''
|D d
|''da''
|/d/
|/ð/
|-
|Ε ε
|''έψιλαν''
|E e
|''egnás''
| colspan="2" |/ɛ/
|-
|Ζ ζ
|''ζήτα''
|Z z
|''za''
| colspan="2"|/d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/
|-
|Η η
|''ήτα''
|Ē ē
|''etḗma''
|/eː/
|/eɪ̯/
|-
|Θ θ
|''θήτα''
|Th th
|''tha''
|/tʰ/
|/θ/
|-
|Ι ι
|''ιότα''
|I i
|''iou''
| colspan="2" |/ɪ/
|-
|Κ κ
|''κάππα''
|K k
|''kau''
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|Λ λ
|''λάπτα''
|L l
|''la''
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|Μ μ
|''μύα''
|M m
|''ḗma''
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|Ν ν
|''νύα''
|N n
|''ḗna''
| colspan="2"|/n/
|-
|Ξ ξ
|''ξία''
|X x
|''ḗxa''
| colspan="2" |/ks͎ ~ gz͎/
|-
|Ο ο
|''ομίκραν''
|O o
|''ognás''
| colspan="2" |/ɔ/
|-
|Π π
|''πία''
|P p
|''pau''
| colspan="2"|/p/
|-
|Ρ ρ
|''ρό''
|R r
|''ría''
|/r/
|/ɹ/
|-
|'Ρ ῤ
|''ῤαυ''
|Rh rh
|''rhau''
|/r̥ʰ/
|/r/
|-
|Σ σ ς
|''σίγμα''
|S s
|''sa''
| colspan="2" |/s͎/
|-
|Τ τ
|''τάυ''
|T t
|''tau''
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|Υ υ
|''ύψιλαν''
|Y y
|''hytḗma''
|/ʉ/
|/ʏ/
|-
|-
|Φ φ
|''φία''
|Ph ph
|''pha''
|/pʰ/
|/f/
|-
|Χ χ
|''χία''
|Kh kh
|''kha''
|/kʰ/
|/x/
|-
|Ψ ψ
|''ψία''
|Ps ps
|''ḗpsa''
| colspan="2"|/ps͎/
|-
|Ω ω
|''ώμεγα''
|Ō ō
|''otḗma''
|/oː/
|/oɪ̯/
|}
|}
===Diacritics===
The Ris alphabets, both the Latin and Greek one, use a few different diacritics to modify the pronunciation. There are five diacritics that mark the following:
*A stressed vowel in a syllable.
*A long vowel in a syllable.
*An aspirated vowel; preceded by /h/. Can also mark the phoneme /r̥ʰ/.
*A stressed, aspirated vowel.
*A long, aspirated vowel.
The use of [[w:aspiration|aspiration]] here does not refer to the co-articulating process, but rather that the vowel is preceded by an /h/, a "glottal fricative".
====Stressed vowels====
Stressed vowels are marked with an [[w:acute accent|acute accent]], <'''<big>´</big>'''>, in the Latin script. In the Greek alphabet, the diacritic is the acute accent as well, only slightly different; <'''<big>΄</big>'''>. These mark that the syllable with the vowel is to be [[w:Stress (linguistics)|stressed]], and thus articulated stronger, than other syllables.
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right: 50px; margin-left: 50px; text-align: center;"
|-
|[[File:Greek acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek grave.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta.png|50px]]
|-
|Acute || Grave || Eta
|-
|[[File:Greek asper.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek asper acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta acute.png|50px]]
|-
|Spiritus asper || Asper acute || Eta acute
|}
====Long vowels====
Long vowels are vowels pronounced vowels articulated for a longer period of time. These get a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]] in the Greek alphabet, <'''<big>`</big>'''>, and a [[w:macron|macron]] in the Latin script, <'''<big>¯</big>'''>.
Long vowels grave accent in the Greek script when stressed. In the Latin alphabet, however, the stressed long vowels get a second acute accent above the macron, <''<big>' ̄́</big>'''>.
As previously mentioned, all vowels can be long vowels, but there are two vowels that change their quality when elongated; the /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. These are raised to /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. In the Latin script these are marked as expected,  <'''ē'''> and <'''ō'''>. However, in the Greek script, they are replaced by the letters [[w:eta|eta]] <'''η'''> and [[w:omega|omega]] <'''ω'''> respectively.
====Aspiration====
Aspiration, when a vowel is preceded by /h/, is marked by a so-called [[w:rough breathing|dasia]] in the Greek script, <'''<big>῾</big>'''>. In the Latin manner of style though, the letter <'''h'''> precedes the vowel, as it does phonetically.
In the Greek script, the dasia can be combined with the acute and grave accent, producing <'''<big>῞</big>'''> and <'''<big>῝</big>'''>.
The dasia can also be placed on the Greek ''ro'' sign, <'''ρ'''>. The pronunciation of <'''ῤ'''> becomes /r̥ʰ/, an aspirated voiceless alveolo-dental trill.
-->


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]]
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