45,322
edits
Ris: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
No edit summary |
|||
| (55 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
|imagesize = 250px | |imagesize = 250px | ||
|name = Ris | |name = Ris | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = oī́kas ri | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= ɔˈɪːkas rɪ | ||
| | |setting = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] | ||
| | |nation = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]] | ||
|speakers = 301,486 | |speakers = 301,486 | ||
|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
|familycolor= American | |familycolor= American | ||
|family= | |family=Jasi-Jivan languages | ||
|ancestor=Proto- | |ancestor=Proto-Jivan | ||
|script1=Latn | |||
|script2=Grek | |||
| | |clcr=qri | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
|creator=User:Waahlis | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ris''' is | The '''Ris''' language, ''oī́kas ri'', /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages. | ||
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | |||
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. | |||
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are | The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Ris consonants''' | |+'''Ris consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="8"|Consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan | ! colspan="2"| | ||
! | ! Bilabial | ||
! | ! Dental | ||
! | ! Alveolar | ||
! | ! Postalveolar | ||
! | ! Velar | ||
! Glottal | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
!Nasals | !Nasals | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
|'''m''' /m/ | |'''m''' /m/ | ||
|'''n '''/n/ | |colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Plosives | ! rowspan="3"|Plosives | ||
!<small> | !<small>affricate</small> | ||
|'''ph''' / | |'''ph''' /p͡f/ | ||
|'''th''' / | |'''th''' /t͡θ/ | ||
| | |'''ts''' /t͡s/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''kh''' / | |'''kh''' /k͡x/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
|'''p''' /p/ | |'''p''' /p/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
|'''b''' / | |'''b''' /b/ | ||
|'''d''' / | |colspan="2"|'''d''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''g''' /g/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | ||
| Line 89: | Line 80: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''s''' /s | |'''s''' /s/ | ||
| colspan=" | |'''sh''' /ʃ/ | ||
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |'''z''' /z/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Trills | ! rowspan="2"|Trills | ||
!<small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''rh''' /r̥/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 109: | Line 103: | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''r''' /r/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 124: | Line 111: | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''l''' /ɫ/ | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Consonant allophony==== | ====Consonant allophony==== | ||
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common | [[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common, and a variety of processes affect the consonants. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
There are 6 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language. | |||
There are | |||
All vowels | All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Ris vowels''' | |+'''Ris vowels''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="1"| | ||
! Front | ! Front | ||
! Near-front | ! Near-front | ||
| Line 303: | Line 135: | ||
! Back | ! Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Close | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Near-close | ||
| | | | ||
|'''i '''/ɪ/ | |'''i '''/ɪ/ · '''y''' /ʏ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''ou''' /ʊ/ | |'''ou '''/ʊ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Close-mid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 347: | Line 163: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open-mid | ||
|'''e''' /ɛ/ | |'''e''' /ɛ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 354: | Line 170: | ||
|'''o''' /ɔ/ | |'''o''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Near-open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 361: | Line 177: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open | ||
|'''a '''/a/ | |||
|'''a '''/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
| Line 599: | Line 191: | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a | Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a system similar to a [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction. | ||
=====Singular number===== | |||
The [[w:singular|singular]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singularnoun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | |||
===== | {{Gloss/indexable | ||
The [[w: | |phrase = Athuo trema. | ||
|IPA = /ˈatʰʉ̩ːɔ ˈtreːma/ | |||
{{Gloss | |morphemes = athy-o tre-{{blue|ma}} | ||
|phrase = | |||
|IPA = / | |||
|morphemes = | |||
|gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | |gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|translation = I want a grain of wheat. | |translation = I want a grain of wheat. | ||
}} | |index = 4.7 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Mnio mna koupar. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ mna ˈkʊːpar/ | ||
|IPA = /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ | |morphemes = mni-o mna koupar-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|morphemes = | |gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG | |||
|translation = I see a ram. | |translation = I see a ram. | ||
}} | | index = 4.8 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Imbrouas pagma? | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /ˈɪːmprwas ˈpaːkma/ | ||
|IPA = / | |||
| morphemes = im-rou-as pag-{{blue|ma}} | | morphemes = im-rou-as pag-{{blue|ma}} | ||
| gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | | gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
| translation = Do you have a minute? | | translation = Do you have a minute? | ||
| index = 4.9 | |||
}} | }} | ||
===== | =====Plural numbers===== | ||
The [[w: | ======Indefinite plural====== | ||
The [[w:definiteness|indefinite]] [[w:plural|plural]] number ({{sc|indef.pl}}) is a special number to the Ris language. The indefinite plural primarily marks a collective number, whereas English uses the plural, or any indefinite amount in general. | |||
===== | In addition, it also signify a pair of nouns, in certain contexts. The reason for this is historical; the old indefinite ending was similar in form to the dual ending, and eventually, the distinction between them disappeared. | ||
{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Aroumena {{blue|gunte}} thuisto. | |||
|IPA = /aˈrʊːmɛna ˈɣʉːntə ˈtʰwiːstɔ/ | |||
| morphemes = aroumena {{blue|gunte}} thu-ist-o | |||
| gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG | |||
| translation = I always want [two] fish(es). | |||
| index= 4.10 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = {{blue|Aganti}} ous imistir {{blue|bhouna}}. | |||
|IPA = /ˈaːkʼantɪ ʊs ɪˈmɪːstɪr ˈpʼʊːna/ | |||
| morphemes = {{blue|aganti}} ous im-ist-ir bhou-{{blue|na}} | |||
| gloss = head.II/LOC.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} too to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} | |||
| translation = You can have fat on your head as well. | |||
|index = 4.11 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Kerak{{blue|ne}} noukist{{blue|ine}} | |||
|IPA = /ˈke:raknə nʊˈkɪːstɪnə/ | |||
| morphemes = kerax-{{blue|ne}} nouk-ist-ine | |||
| gloss = bird.II-INV.PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC | |||
| translation = Birds fly. | |||
|index = 4.12 | |||
}} | |||
======Definite plural====== | |||
The definite plural ({{sc|def.pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does, which means plurals automatically get an article due to context. | |||
{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Ani ngou mou, mnio {{blue|bhalloi}} bhallistina . | |||
|IPA = /aˈnɪː ˈŋgʊːˌmʊ ˈŋ͡mɪ̩ːɔ ˈpʰaːlːɔj ˈpʰaːlːɪstɪna/ | |||
| morphemes = ani ngou mou mni-o bhall-{{blue|oi}} bhall-ist-ina | |||
| gloss = before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG ball.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} to_roll-IND.IPFV-3{{blue|DEF.PL}}.PAT | |||
| translation = I see balls rolling before my eyes. | |||
| index= 4.13 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Ai ourani {{blue|ouekitsoi}}. | |||
|IPA = /aj ˈʊːranɪ ˈweːkiˌt͡sɔj/ | |||
| morphemes = ai ouran-i oekits-oi | |||
| gloss = from<ref name="alpha"></ref> heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} | |||
| translation = The tomatoes from heaven. | |||
|index = 4.14 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Inaskho {{blue|tabellithoulianta}}. | |||
|IPA = /ˈɪːnaskʰɔ taˌpʼɛlːɪtʰʊˈlɪ̩ːanta/ | |||
| morphemes = in-askh-o tabellithouli-{{blue|anta}} | |||
| gloss = to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.{{blue|DEF.PL}} | |||
| translation = I'm out of marker pens.<ref name="beta"></ref> | |||
|index = 4.15 | |||
}} | |||
<ref name="alpha">''ai'', ''au'' and ''ati'' are in fact demonstrative pronouns, but in many contexts, they get an adpositional meaning.</ref> | |||
<ref name="beta">Literally; ''I am no longer with marker pens.''</ref> | |||
<references/> | |||
====Gender==== | ====Gender and class==== | ||
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. | <!--''origou'' and ''amirou'' -->There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. | ||
In | In addition to this, all Ris nouns are divided into classes. The classes are morphological and semantic, and nouns are grouped according to their gender as well as if it is inherently in the indefinite plural, or if it needs marking. There are as such four classes: | ||
:'''I''' - ''animate, marked indefinite plural'' | |||
:'''II''' - ''animate, unmarked indefinite plural'' | |||
:'''III''' - ''inanimate, marked indefinite plural | |||
:'''IV''' - ''inanimate, unmarked indefinite plural'' | |||
The class is the only thing indicated in Ris dictionaries, such as the [[User:Waahlis/Jivanity|Ourhagmatika]], where the lemma form is always written first: | |||
{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = thyrri, thyrrini | |||
|IPA = /ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪ ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪnɪ/ | |||
|morphemes = thyrrhi-∅ thyrri-ni | |||
|gloss = woman.I-SG woman.I-INDEF.PL | |||
|translation = a woman, women | |||
|index = 4.16 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = oryx, orygma | |||
|IPA = /ˈoːrʉgz ˈoːrʉgma/ | |||
|morphemes = oryx-∅ oryg-ma | |||
|gloss = whale.II-INDEF.PL whale.II-SG | |||
|translation = whales, a whale<ref name="gamma"></ref> | |||
|index = 4.17 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = kanthra, kanthrani | |||
|IPA = /ˈkaːntʰra ˈkaːntʰranɪ/ | |||
|morphemes = kanthra-∅ kanthra-ni | |||
|gloss = heart.III-SG heart.III-INDEF.PL | |||
|translation = a heart, hearts | |||
|index = 4.18 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = issix, issigma | |||
|IPA = /ˈɪːsːɪgz ˈɪːsːɪgma/ | |||
|morphemes = issix-∅ issig-ma | |||
|gloss = hair.IV-INDEF.PL hair.IV-SG | |||
|translation = hair, strand of hair | |||
|index = 4.19 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = ankis, ankisma | |||
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkɪs ˈaːŋkɪsma/ | |||
|morphemes = ankis-∅ ankis-ma | |||
|gloss = elbow.IV-INDEF.PL elbow.IV-SG | |||
|translation = 2 elbows, an elbow<ref name="delta"></ref> | |||
|index = 4.20 | |||
}}<ref name="gamma">Typical examples of class II are animals, although ''gytei'', "fish", is a notable example. | |||
</ref><ref name="delta">Since the indefinite plural has coalesced with the dual, some nouns may have an unmarked dual form. These nouns are typically body parts.</ref> | |||
<references/> | |||
==Morphosyntax== | ==Morphosyntax== | ||
| Line 651: | Line 333: | ||
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | ||
The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event. | The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.{{Gloss/indexable | ||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Ankour{{blue|o}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /aŋˈkʊːrɔ/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = ankour-∅-{{blue|o}} | ||
|morphemes = | |gloss = to trip-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1SG | ||
|gloss = to trip | |translation = I fell.|index = 5.21 | ||
|translation = I fell. | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
}} | |phrase = Hyrrhorebma henta inist{{blue|a}}. | ||
|IPA = /çʏˈr̥ʰːoːrɛpma ˈçeːnta ˈɪːnɪsta/ | |||
{{Gloss | |morphemes = hyrrhorebma hent-∅-a in-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|phrase = | |gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG be_okay-IND.PRFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG exist-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|IPA = / | |translation = There is an okay squirrel soup. | ||
|morphemes = | |index = 5.22 | ||
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}. | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|translation = | |phrase = Tagerras kerax! | ||
}} | |IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/ | ||
| morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}} | |||
{{Gloss | | gloss = hit-IMP.PRFV-AGT.2SG bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|phrase = | | translation = Hit the bird! | ||
|IPA = / | |index = 5.23 | ||
| morphemes = | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
| gloss = hit | |phrase = Aner, ouinestra teskh{{blue|o}}... | ||
| translation = Hit the bird. | |IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/ | ||
|morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} ouinestra-{{blue|∅}} teskh-∅-{{blue|o}} | |||
|gloss = mother.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG | |||
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window... | |||
|index= 5.24 | |||
}} | }} | ||
====Agentive case==== | ====Agentive case==== | ||
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. | The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.{{Gloss/indexable | ||
The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs. | |phrase = Kater{{red|os}} kterma. | ||
|IPA = /ˈkaːtɛrɔs ˈktɛrma/ | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = | |morphemes = kater-∅-{{red|os}} kterma-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|IPA = / | |gloss = to_write-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|morphemes = | |||
|gloss = | |||
|translation = I am writing a letter. | |translation = I am writing a letter. | ||
}} | |index=5.25 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Kaukanthri{{red|as}} hai! | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /kawˈkantʰrijas xaj/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = kau~ka<n>ter-i-{{red|as}} hai | ||
|morphemes = {{red| | |gloss = <NEG>ITR~to_write-POT-{{red|AGT}}.1SG such | ||
|gloss = | |translation = You can't go on writing like that! | ||
|translation = | |index=5.26 | ||
}} | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Katerr{{red|as}} sta ha{{red|os}}! | |||
{{Gloss | |IPA = /kaˈtɛrːas sta ˈxaɔ̩s/ | ||
|phrase = | |morphemes = kater-r-as sta ha-∅-os | ||
|gloss = to_write-SUBJ-{{red|AGT}}.1SG what to_wish-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}} | |||
|translation = I'll write what I wish! | |||
|index=5.26 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Ankouros...! | |||
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/ | |IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/ | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = ankour-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = to_trip-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
| translation = I purposely trip...! | | translation = I purposely trip...! | ||
|index=5.27 | |||
}} | }} | ||
====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases==== | ====Unaccusatives, unergatives and the inversion of cases==== | ||
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.| | [[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|350px]] | ||
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs | Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects. | ||
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying. | An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Ekras{{blue|a}} makhina. | |||
{{Gloss | |IPA = /ɛˈkraːsa ˈmaːkʰɪna/ | ||
|phrase = | |morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|a}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|IPA = / | |gloss = to_crash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG car.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue| | |||
|gloss = | |||
|translation = The car crashed. | |translation = The car crashed. | ||
}} | |index = 5.28 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Aner tsanist{{blue|a}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /aˈneːr ˈtsaːnɪsta/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} psan-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|morphemes = | |gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to_cry-IND.IPFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG | ||
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG | |||
|translation = Mother cries. | |translation = Mother cries. | ||
}} | |index = 5.29 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Nta{{blue|os}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /ˈntaːos/ | ||
|IPA = / | |||
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | |morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_sleep-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = I am trying to sleep. | |translation = I am trying to sleep. | ||
|index = 5.30 | |||
}} | }} | ||
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying. | Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Khamista! | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ˈkʰaːmɪsta/ | ||
|morphemes = | |morphemes = kham-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_come-IND.IPFV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3SG | ||
|translation = | |translation = It's coming! | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 772: | Line 452: | ||
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | |translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | ||
| Line 851: | Line 532: | ||
The Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses. It indicates actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking things: | The Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses. It indicates actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking things: | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Indroua {{blue|mena}}?|IPA = / | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Indroua {{blue|mena}}? | |||
|IPA = /ˈɪndrwa mɛˈna/ | |||
|morphemes = in-r-oua me-{{blue|na}} | |||
|gloss = be.ACT-SUBJ.PRFV-2.PAT.SG me.1-{{blue|INS}}.SG | |||
|translation = Are you with me? | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = As arrhos {{blue|ena}}. | |||
|IPA = /as ˈar̥ʰːɔs ɛˈna/ | |||
|morphemes = as-∅ arrh-∅-os e-{{blue|na}} | |||
|gloss = it.3.PROX-PAT.SG make.ACT-IND.PRFV-1.AGT.SG s/he.1-{{blue|INS}}.SG | |||
|translation = I'm making it with him/her. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Ne nenisto na {{blue|issigan}} nai. | |||
|IPA = /nɛ nɛˈnɪstɔ na ˈɪsːɪgan naj/ | |||
|morphemes = ⟨ne⟩ nen-ist-o ⟨na⟩ issig-{{blue|an}} nai | |||
|gloss = ⟨VB.NEG⟩ not_be.ACT-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG ⟨VB.NEG⟩ hair.IV-{{blue|INS}}.DC NOM.NG | |||
|translation = I have no hair / I am not with no hair. | |||
}} | |||
=====Animate subjective instrumental===== | =====Animate subjective instrumental===== | ||
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause | The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause. The usage is very similar to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. | ||
Please note, that this formation, although grammatically correct, is considered quite rude by most speakers. The subjective instrumental is reserved for inanimates for most speakers, and an active verb is used for animate subjects. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Enmnīnta {{blue|ouena}} | |||
|IPA = /ɛnˈmnɪnta wɛˈna/ | |||
|morphemes = en-mnīo-nta oue-{{blue|na}} | |||
|gloss = MED-to_see-PCP 1.EXC-{{blue|INS}}.DC | |||
|translation = Seen by the two of us. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Atai eniniskhanta {{blue|ērrhasterrhan}} | |||
|IPA = /ˈataj ɛnɪnɪsˈxanta eːˈr̥ʰːastɛr̥ʰːan/ | |||
|morphemes = atai en-ino-iskha-nta ērrho-aster-{{blue|rhan}} | |||
| | |gloss = they.3.PAT.PL MED-to_be-CAU.CES-PCP to_love-AG-{{blue|INS}}.SG | ||
|translation = They were killed by the lover. | |||
}} | |||
| | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Ērrhastera atai iniskhis | |||
|IPA = /eːˈr̥ʰːastɛra ˈataj ɪnɪsˈxɪs / | |||
|morphemes = ino-iskha-∅-is atai ērrho-aster-a | |||
| | |gloss = to_love-AG-AGT.SG they.3.PAT.PL to_be.ACT-IND.PRFV-1.AGT.SG | ||
|translation = The lover killed them. | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
. | |||
| | |||
====Locative==== | ====Locative==== | ||
| Line 1,359: | Line 1,006: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Possession== | ||
There are | Possession is a complicated subject in Ris grammar. There are about seven different constructions to indicate ownership, depending on context. The primary parameters is the alienability of the possessed, but also the animacy of the possessor. | ||
===Predicative possession=== | |||
====Copula and dative==== | |||
====Copula and locative==== | |||
====Copula and instrumental==== | |||
====Transitive construction==== | |||
===Adnominal possession=== | |||
====Genitive construction==== | |||
====Locative construction==== | |||
====Dative construction==== | |||
=== | |||
==== | |||
===== | |||
==== | |||
==== | |||
=== | |||
==Samples== | ==Samples== | ||
| Line 1,556: | Line 1,025: | ||
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!'' | *''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]] | ||