Ris: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Ris (view source)

Revision as of 09:43, 20 January 2017

6,127 bytes removed ,  20 January 2017
m
Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"
m (Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages")
(45 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Ris
|name = Ris
|nativename = Rhánzi ris
|nativename = oī́kas ri
|pronunciation= /ˈr̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/
|pronunciation= /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
Line 12: Line 12:
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor= American
|familycolor= American
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Jasi-Jivan languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Jivan
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|agency=
|agency=
Line 22: Line 22:
}}
}}


'''Ris''' is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The '''Ris''' language, ''oī́kas ri'', /ɔˈɪːkas  rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages.  


The '''Ris''' language, '''ῤανζι ρις''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Information==
The '''Ris''' language, '''ῤανζι ρις''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world. It is spoken on Sicily and on Cyprus and has about 300,000 native speakers. Or 1. Depends on how you count.


Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has '''[[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]]''' pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient.  
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]].


It also has an unsusual '''[[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]'''; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of '''[[Ris#Control|control]]''' and volition, closely tied to a distinction in '''[[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]'''.
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
 
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="9"|Consonants
! colspan="8"|Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial
! Bilabial
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar
! Dental
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
!  Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Velar
! Postalveolar
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
! Velar
|-
! Glottal
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>apical</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Nasals
!Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
|'''n '''/n/
|colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|
|
|[ŋ]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>affricate</small>
|'''bh''' /pʰ/
|'''ph''' /p͡f/
|'''th''' /tʰ/
|'''th''' /t͡θ/
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|
|
|
|'''kh''' /k͡x/
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
|  
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ]
|-
|-
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|-
|-
!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /pʼ/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /tʼ/
|colspan="2"|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|
|
|'''g''' /kʼ/
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
Line 89: Line 81:
|
|
|
|
|'''s''' /s ~ s̺/
|'''s''' /s/
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡z̺ ~ z̺ ~ z̺/
|
|[ʝ]
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Trills
! rowspan="2"|Trills
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/
|  
| '''rh''' /r̥/
|
|
|
|
Line 109: Line 104:
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/
|  
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''ou, u''' /w/
|
|
|'''i''' /j/
|
|
|
|
Line 124: Line 112:
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
|
|
|'''l''' /ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ/
|
|
|}
|}
{{ris sidebar}}
 
====Consonant allophony====
====Consonant allophony====
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common to many consonants, and [[w:sandhi|sandhi]] forces them to be realised different in different environments.
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common, and a variety of processes affect the consonants.
 
=====The glottal fricative=====
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in [[w:free variation|free variation]] with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}}ντρο'''
|-
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}entro'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|  /ˈ{{blue|h}}ɛntrɔ/
 
! =
 
| /ˈ{{blue|x}}ɛntrɔ/
 
! =
 
|/ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɛntrɔ/
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="5"| ''I am normal, okay''
|}
 
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç].
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|ὐ}}ο'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|ἠ}}στιμι'''
|-
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}}yo'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}}éstimi'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /ˈ{{blue|h}}ʉ̩.ɔ/
 
! =
 
|[ˈ{{blue|h}}ʉ̩.ɔ]
 
!
 
|/ˈ{{blue|h}}eːs͎tɪmɪ/
 
! →
 
|[ˈ{{blue|ç}}eːs͎tɪmɪ]
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="4"| ''to leave'' .{{sc|ind.m.}}
| colspan="3"| ''pride'' .{{sc|f}}
|}
 
=====Palatalisation=====
[[w:Palatalisation|Palatalisation]] applies to velar consonants and occurs due to two main factors:
* '''Internally''': Front vowels and the palatal approximant, /j/, tend to palatalise preceding consonants if the syllable is stressed.
**C[-pal,  +velar]  → C[+pal,  -velar] / _V[+front, +stress]
* '''Externally''': A final near-close near-front vowel, /ɪ/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Script-->
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ρ}}ακι'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|τ}}η'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ἠ}}στιμι'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|τ}}ι {{blue|κ}}ατέρριστουας?'''
|-
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"| '''ra{{blue|k}}i'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|t}}é'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|h}}éstimi?'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|t}}i {{blue|k}}atérristouas?'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|/ˈrakɪ/
 
! →
 
|[ˈracɪ]
 
!
 
|/ˈteː/
 
! →
 
|[ˈteː]
 
!
 
|/ˈheːstɪmɪ/
 
! →
 
| [ˈçeːstɪmɪ]
 
!
 
| /ˈtɪ kaˈtɛrrɪstwas/
 
! →
 
| [ˈtɪ caˈtɛrrɪstwas̟]
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="3"| ''root'' .{{sc|in.gen}}
 
!
 
| colspan="3"| ''how''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"| ''pride.'' .{{sc|f.pat}}
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|''What are you writing?''
|}
 
====Phonological processes====
<!-- =====Assimilation=====
In verb conjugation, consonant clusters tend to appear. Various [[w:sandhi|]] rules then apply.Rules:* '''Most basic rule''': When two sounds appear next to each other, the first [[w:Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] in voicing and aspiration to the second.** This applies fully to stops. Fricatives assimilate only in voicing, sonorants do not assimilate.* Before an {{IPA|/s/}} (future, aorist stem), velars become {{IPA|[k]}}, labials become {{IPA|[p]}}, and dentals disappear.* Before a {{IPA|/tʰ/}} (aorist passive stem), velars become {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, and dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}.* Before an {{IPA|/m/}} (perfect middle first-singular, first-plural, participle), velars become {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, nasal+velar becomes {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[m]}}, dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}, other sonorants remain the same.
 
-->


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
<!--
There are 6 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language.
{{quote
|text='''Ptḗgna i rháki? Tān ptḗgi i khrísti!'''
|sign=''Common Ris saying''
|source=Idioms and phrases in Ris: An analysis. pg. 34
|about= The saying '''The hollow triangle? Rather the Christmas tree!''' is a nationalist idiom which represents the Ris people's belief that their language is superior to that of their neighbours. This is due to their vowel inventory creating an image of either an hollow triangle, or a pine tree.
}}-->
 
There are 7 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language. In Ris, the system of vowels are known as ''ptégna i rhaki'' - 'the hollow triangle', due to their symmetrical places of articulation.  


All vowels may be long, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ change their quality when long; they are then pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="1"|
! Front
! Front
! Near-front
! Near-front
Line 303: Line 136:
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Close
! Close
! <small>short</small>
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉ/
|
|
|
|-
! <small>long</small>
|
|
|
|
|'''ý''' /ʉː/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Near-close
!Near-close
!<small>short</small>
|
|
|'''i '''/ɪ/  
|'''i '''/ɪ/ · '''y''' /ʏ/
|
|
|'''ou''' /ʊ/
|'''ou '''/ʊ/
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
!Close-mid
|
|'''í '''/ɪː/
|
|
|'''oú '''/ʊː/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|Close-mid
|'''é''' /eː/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''ó''' /oː/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Mid
!Mid
|
|
|
|
Line 347: Line 164:
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Open-mid
!Open-mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
Line 354: Line 171:
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Near-open
!Near-open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
!<small>short</small>
|
|
|
|
|'''a '''/ä/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
!Open
|'''a '''/a/
|
|
|
|
|'''á '''/äː/
|
|
|
|
|}
Other than that, my vowels are rather simple. No mystics quirks at all. Well, that's if you choose to ignore the [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] and [[w:umlaut|umlaut]] process in the '''Damian dialect'''. Makes it a tad more interesting, in my opinion.
==Orthography==
Ris is primarily written in the [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]], but the original alphabet was in fact [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]]. In its classical and modern form, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega; or ''ai mḗ otḗma'' in Ris. The below table shows the two alphabets and the Ris names for the letters, as well as the pronunciation in '''Standard Ris''' and the colloquial '''Ouis dialect'''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Orthography
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Greek
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Latin
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Pronunciation
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ris
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ouis
|-
|Α α
|''άλπα''
|A a
|''ai''
| colspan="2"|/a/
|-
|Β β
|''βήτα''
|B b
|''bou''
|/b/
|/β/
|-
|Γ γ
|''γάμμα''
|G g
|''gou''
|/g/
|/ɣ/
|-
|Δ δ
|''δέλτα''
|D d
|''da''
|/d/
|/ð/
|-
|Ε ε
|''έψιλαν''
|E e
|''egnás''
| colspan="2" |/ɛ/
|-
|Ζ ζ
|''ζήτα''
|Z z
|''za''
| colspan="2"|/d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/
|-
|Η η
|''ήτα''
|Ē ē
|''etḗma''
|/eː/
|/eɪ̯/
|-
|Θ θ
|''θήτα''
|Th th
|''tha''
|/tʰ/
|/θ/
|-
|Ι ι
|''ιότα''
|I i
|''iou''
| colspan="2" |/ɪ/
|-
|Κ κ
|''κάππα''
|K k
|''kau''
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|Λ λ
|''λάπτα''
|L l
|''la''
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|Μ μ
|''μύα''
|M m
|''ḗma''
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|Ν ν
|''νύα''
|N n
|''ḗna''
| colspan="2"|/n/
|-
|Ξ ξ
|''ξία''
|X x
|''ḗxa''
| colspan="2" |/ks͎ ~ gz͎/
|-
|Ο ο
|''ομίκραν''
|O o
|''ognás''
| colspan="2" |/ɔ/
|-
|Π π
|''πία''
|P p
|''pau''
| colspan="2"|/p/
|-
|Ρ ρ
|''ρό''
|R r
|''ría''
|/r/
|/ɹ/
|-
|'Ρ ῤ
|''ῤαυ''
|Rh rh
|''rhau''
|/r̥ʰ/
|/r/
|-
|Σ σ ς
|''σίγμα''
|S s
|''sa''
| colspan="2" |/s͎/
|-
|Τ τ
|''τάυ''
|T t
|''tau''
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|Υ υ
|''ύψιλαν''
|Y y
|''hytḗma''
|/ʉ/
|/ʏ/
|-
|Φ φ
|''φία''
|Ph ph
|''pha''
|/pʰ/
|/f/
|-
|Χ χ
|''χία''
|Kh kh
|''kha''
|/kʰ/
|/x/
|-
|Ψ ψ
|''ψία''
|Ps ps
|''ḗpsa''
| colspan="2"|/ps͎/
|-
|Ω ω
|''ώμεγα''
|Ō ō
|''otḗma''
|/oː/
|/oɪ̯/
|}
===Diacritics===
The Ris alphabets, both the Latin and Greek one, use a few different diacritics to modify the pronunciation. There are five diacritics that mark the following:
*A stressed vowel in a syllable.
*A long vowel in a syllable.
*An aspirated vowel; preceded by /h/. Can also mark the phoneme /r̥ʰ/.
*A stressed, aspirated vowel.
*A long, aspirated vowel.
The use of [[w:aspiration|aspiration]] here does not refer to the co-articulating process, but rather that the vowel is preceded by an /h/, a "glottal fricative".
====Stressed vowels====
Stressed vowels are marked with an [[w:acute accent|acute accent]], <'''<big>´</big>'''>, in the Latin script. In the Greek alphabet, the diacritic is the acute accent as well, only slightly different; <'''<big>΄</big>'''>. These mark that the syllable with the vowel is to be [[w:Stress (linguistics)|stressed]], and thus articulated stronger, than other syllables.
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right: 50px; margin-left: 50px; text-align: center;"
|-
|[[File:Greek acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek grave.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta.png|50px]]
|-
|Acute || Grave || Eta
|-
|[[File:Greek asper.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek asper acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta acute.png|50px]]
|-
|-
|Spiritus asper || Asper acute || Eta acute
|}
|}
====Long vowels====
Long vowels are vowels pronounced vowels articulated for a longer period of time. These get a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]] in the Greek alphabet, <'''<big>`</big>'''>, and a [[w:macron|macron]] in the Latin script, <'''<big>¯</big>'''>.
Long vowels grave accent in the Greek script when stressed. In the Latin alphabet, however, the stressed long vowels get a second acute accent above the macron, <''<big>' ̄́</big>'''>.
As previously mentioned, all vowels can be long vowels, but there are two vowels that change their quality when elongated; the /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. These are raised to /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. In the Latin script these are marked as expected,  <'''ē'''> and <'''ō'''>. However, in the Greek script, they are replaced by the letters [[w:eta|eta]] <'''η'''> and [[w:omega|omega]] <'''ω'''> respectively.
====Aspiration====
Aspiration, when a vowel is preceded by /h/, is marked by a so-called [[w:rough breathing|dasia]] in the Greek script, <'''<big>῾</big>'''>. In the Latin manner of style though, the letter <'''h'''> precedes the vowel, as it does phonetically.
In the Greek script, the dasia can be combined with the acute and grave accent, producing <'''<big>῞</big>'''> and <'''<big>῝</big>'''>.
The dasia can also be placed on the Greek ''ro'' sign, <'''ρ'''>. The pronunciation of <'''ῤ'''> becomes /r̥ʰ/, an aspirated voiceless alveolo-dental trill.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 599: Line 192:
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
====Number====
====Number====
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a system similar to a [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
 
The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the [[w:collective number|collective]], which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify [[w:dual number|dual]]s. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.
 
=====Singulative=====
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.


{{Gloss
=====Singular number=====
|phrase = Thuo trema.
The [[w:singular|singular]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singularnoun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
|IPA = /ˈtʰʉ̩ːɔ ˈtreːma/
{{Gloss/indexable
|morphemes = thu-o tre-{{blue|ma}}
|phrase = Athuo trema.
|IPA = /ˈatʰʉ̩ːɔ ˈtreːma/
|morphemes = athy-o tre-{{blue|ma}}
|gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I want a grain of wheat.
|translation = I want a grain of wheat.
}}
|index = 4.7
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Mnio mna koupar.
|phrase = Mnio mna koupar.
|IPA = /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ mna ˈkʊːpar/
|IPA = /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ mna ˈkʊːpar/
Line 620: Line 209:
|gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG  
|gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG  
|translation = I see a ram.
|translation = I see a ram.
}}
| index = 4.8
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Imbrouas pagma?
|phrase = Imbrouas pagma?
|IPA = /ˈɪːmpʼrwas ˈpaːkma/
|IPA = /ˈɪːmprwas ˈpaːkma/
| morphemes = im-rou-as pag-{{blue|ma}}
| morphemes = im-rou-as pag-{{blue|ma}}
| gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Do you have a minute?
| translation = Do you have a minute?
| index = 4.9
}}
}}


=====Dual-collective=====
=====Plural numbers=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Ris language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
======Indefinite plural======
The [[w:definiteness|indefinite]] [[w:plural|plural]] number ({{sc|indef.pl}}) is a special number to the Ris language. The indefinite plural primarily marks a collective number, whereas English uses the plural, or any indefinite amount in general.  


{{Gloss
In addition, it also signify a pair of nouns, in certain contexts. The reason for this is historical; the old indefinite ending was similar in form to the dual ending, and eventually, the distinction between them disappeared.
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Aroumena {{blue|gunte}} thuisto.
|phrase = Aroumena {{blue|gunte}} thuisto.
|IPA = /aˈrʊːmɛna ˈɣʉːntə ˈtʰwiːstɔ/
|IPA = /aˈrʊːmɛna ˈɣʉːntə ˈtʰwiːstɔ/
| morphemes = aroumena {{blue|gunte}} thu-ist-o
| morphemes = aroumena {{blue|gunte}} thu-ist-o
| gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|DC}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  
| gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  
| translation = I always want fish.
| translation = I always want [two] fish(es).
| index= 4.10
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = {{blue|Aganti}} ous imistir {{blue|bhouna}}.
|IPA = /ˈaːkʼantɪ ʊs ɪˈmɪːstɪr ˈpʼʊːna/
| morphemes = {{blue|aganti}} ous im-ist-ir bhou-{{blue|na}}
| gloss = head.II/LOC.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} too  to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}}
| translation = You can have fat on your head as well.
|index = 4.11
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Kerak{{blue|ne}} noukist{{blue|ine}}
|IPA = /ˈke:raknə nʊˈkɪːstɪnə/
| morphemes = kerax-{{blue|ne}} nouk-ist-ine
| gloss = bird.II-INV.PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC
| translation = Birds fly.
|index = 4.12
}}
======Definite plural======
The definite plural ({{sc|def.pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does, which means plurals automatically get an article due to context.
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ani ngou mou, mnio {{blue|bhalloi}} bhallistina .
|IPA = /aˈnɪː ˈŋgʊːˌmʊ ˈŋ͡mɪ̩ːɔ ˈpʰaːlːɔj ˈpʰaːlːɪstɪna/
| morphemes = ani ngou mou mni-o bhall-{{blue|oi}} bhall-ist-ina
| gloss = before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  ball.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} to_roll-IND.IPFV-3{{blue|DEF.PL}}.PAT
| translation = I see balls rolling before my eyes.
| index= 4.13
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase =  Ai ourani {{blue|ouekitsoi}}.
|IPA = /aj ˈʊːranɪ ˈweːkiˌt͡sɔj/
| morphemes = ai ouran-i oekits-oi
| gloss = from<ref name="alpha"></ref> heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}}
| translation = The tomatoes from heaven.
|index = 4.14
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Inaskho {{blue|tabellithoulianta}}.
|IPA = /ˈɪːnaskʰɔ taˌpʼɛlːɪtʰʊˈlɪ̩ːanta/
| morphemes = in-askh-o tabellithouli-{{blue|anta}}
| gloss = to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.{{blue|DEF.PL}}
| translation = I'm out of marker pens.<ref name="beta"></ref>
|index = 4.15
}}
}}
<ref name="alpha">''ai'', ''au'' and ''ati'' are in fact demonstrative pronouns, but in many contexts, they get an adpositional meaning.</ref>
<ref name="beta">Literally; ''I am no longer with marker pens.''</ref>
<references/>
====Gender and class====
<!--''origou'' and ''amirou'' -->There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.


=====Plurative=====
In addition to this, all Ris nouns are divided into classes. The classes are morphological and semantic, and nouns are grouped according to their gender as well as if it is inherently in the indefinite plural, or if it needs marking. There are as such four classes:
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.


====Gender====
:'''I''' - ''animate, marked indefinite plural''
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
:'''II''' - ''animate, unmarked indefinite plural''
:'''III''' - ''inanimate, marked indefinite plural
:'''IV''' - ''inanimate, unmarked indefinite plural''


In the 2nd and 3rd person singular personal pronouns as well as verbs, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. These mark only natural gender.
The class is the only thing indicated in Ris dictionaries, such as the [[User:Waahlis/Jivanity|Ourhagmatika]], where the lemma form is always written first:
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = thyrri, thyrrini
|IPA = /ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪ ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪnɪ/
|morphemes = thyrrhi-∅ thyrri-ni
|gloss = woman.I-SG woman.I-INDEF.PL
|translation = a woman, women
|index = 4.16
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = oryx, orygma
|IPA = /ˈoːrʉgz ˈoːrʉgma/
|morphemes = oryx-∅ oryg-ma
|gloss = whale.II-INDEF.PL whale.II-SG
|translation = whales, a whale<ref name="gamma"></ref>
|index = 4.17
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = kanthra, kanthrani
|IPA = /ˈkaːntʰra ˈkaːntʰranɪ/
|morphemes = kanthra-∅ kanthra-ni
|gloss = heart.III-SG heart.III-INDEF.PL
|translation = a heart, hearts
|index = 4.18
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = issix, issigma
|IPA = /ˈɪːsːɪgz ˈɪːsːɪgma/
|morphemes = issix-∅ issig-ma
|gloss = hair.IV-INDEF.PL hair.IV-SG
|translation = hair, strand of hair
|index = 4.19
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = ankis, ankisma
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkɪs ˈaːŋkɪsma/
|morphemes = ankis-∅ ankis-ma
|gloss = elbow.IV-INDEF.PL elbow.IV-SG
|translation = 2 elbows, an elbow<ref name="delta"></ref>
|index = 4.20
}}<ref name="gamma">Typical examples of class II are animals, although ''gytei'', "fish", is a notable example.
</ref><ref name="delta">Since the indefinite plural has coalesced with the dual, some nouns may have an unmarked dual form. These nouns are typically body parts.</ref>
<references/>


==Morphosyntax==
==Morphosyntax==
Line 659: Line 334:
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  


The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.
The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ankour{{blue|o}}.
|phrase = Ankouro.
|IPA = /aŋˈkʊːrɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|morphemes = ankour-∅-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = to trip-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1SG
|gloss = to trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = I fell.|index = 5.21
|translation = I fell.
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}
|phrase = Hyrrhorebma henta inist{{blue|a}}.
 
|IPA = /çʏˈr̥ʰːoːrɛpma ˈçeːnta ˈɪːnɪsta/
{{Gloss
|morphemes = hyrrhorebma hent-∅-a in-ist-{{blue|a}}
|phrase = Energanni hentai inistin.
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG be_okay-IND.PRFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG exist-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|IPA = /ɛnˈeːrkanːɪ ˈçeːntaj ˈɪːnɪstɪn/
|translation = There is an okay squirrel soup.
|morphemes = energa{{blue|n}}-ni in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|index = 5.22
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC-COP okay.ADF.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
|phrase = Tagerras kerax!
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Tagerras kerax.
|IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/
|IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/
| morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}}
| morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}}
| gloss = hit.ACT-IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = hit-IMP.PRFV-AGT.2SG bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Hit the bird.
| translation = Hit the bird!
}}
|index = 5.23
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aner, ouinestra teskh{{blue|o}}...
|phrase = Aner, ouinestra teskho...
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/
|morphemes = aner-∅ ouinestra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} ouinestra-{{blue|∅}} teskh-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|gloss = mother.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
|index= 5.24
}}
}}


====Agentive case====
====Agentive case====
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs.
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.{{Gloss/indexable
The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.
|phrase = Kater{{red|os}} kterma.
 
|IPA = /ˈkaːtɛrɔs ˈktɛrma/
{{Gloss|phrase = Mau katēro kterma.
|morphemes = kater-∅-{{red|os}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|gloss = to_write-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG writeACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I am writing a letter.
|translation = I am writing a letter.
}}
|index=5.25
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Kaukanthri{{red|as}} hai!
|phrase = He tethoūris.
|IPA = /kawˈkantʰrijas xaj/
|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|morphemes = kau~ka<n>ter-i-{{red|as}} hai
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|gloss =  <NEG>ITR~to_write-POT-{{red|AGT}}.1SG such
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG IND.ITR~run.ACT-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|translation = You can't go on writing like that!
|translation = He is running around.
|index=5.26
}}
}}{{Gloss/indexable
 
|phrase = Katerr{{red|as}} sta ha{{red|os}}!
{{Gloss
|IPA = /kaˈtɛrːas sta ˈxaɔ̩s/
|phrase = Ānkouros...!
|morphemes = kater-r-as sta ha-∅-os
|gloss = to_write-SUBJ-{{red|AGT}}.1SG what to_wish-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}
|translation = I'll write what I wish!
|index=5.26
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ankouros...!
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| morphemes = ankour-∅-{{red|os}}
| gloss = trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| gloss = to_trip-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| translation = I purposely trip...!
| translation = I purposely trip...!
|index=5.27
}}
}}


====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases====
====Unaccusatives, unergatives and the inversion of cases====
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|350px]]
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.  
 
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.


{{Gloss
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.
|phrase = Ekras{{blue|a}} makhina.
|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/
|IPA = /ɛˈkraːsa ˈmaːkʰɪna/
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|a}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = crash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|gloss = to_crash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG car.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = The car crashed.
|translation = The car crashed.
}}
|index = 5.28
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aner tsanist{{blue|a}}.
|phrase = Anēr psānisti.
|IPA = /aˈneːr ˈtsaːnɪsta/
|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
|morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} psan-ist-{{blue|a}}
|morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}}
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to_cry-IND.IPFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = Mother cries.
|translation = Mother cries.
}}
|index = 5.29
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Nta{{blue|os}}.
|phrase = Ngaos.
|IPA = /ˈntaːos/
|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}}
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}}
|gloss = sleep.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|gloss = to_sleep-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
|index = 5.30
}}
}}
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = He gāmi!
|phrase = Khamista!
|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/
|IPA = /ˈkʰaːmɪsta/
|morphemes = he gām-∅-{{blue|i}}
|morphemes = kham-ist-{{blue|a}}
|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3.SG
|gloss = to_come-IND.IPFV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3SG
|translation = He's coming!
|translation = It's coming!
}}
}}


Line 781: Line 453:
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
}}
}}
===Case===
===Case===
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
Line 1,353: Line 1,026:
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Ris]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/13641...63781"

Navigation menu