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|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Ris
|name = Ris
|nativename = Rhanzi ris
|nativename = oī́kas ri
|pronunciation= /ˈr̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/
|pronunciation= /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
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|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor= American
|familycolor= American
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Jasi-Jivan languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Jivan
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|agency=
|agency=
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}}
}}


'''Ris''' is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The '''Ris''' language, ''oī́kas ri'', /ɔˈɪːkas  rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages.  


The '''Ris''' language, '''ρανζι ρις''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
The '''Ris''' language, '''ρανζι ρις''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a [[User:Waahlis/Jivanity|Jivan language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.


The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Ris: ''Hagiastanou katerrhasthmai'', ''Αγιαστάνου κατήρρασθμαι''). The documents were a Greek transcript of letters in the languages around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]].


 
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
{{quote
|text=I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The ''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]'', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. [...] <!-- Then there are the ''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]'', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. --> Then there are the ''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]'', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Ris|Risoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]''
|sign=-Antenor Erevanon, 9<sup>th</sup> century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler
|source=Hayastani documents
}}
 
The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighbouring languages, such as Armenian and Georgian as well as enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers, threaten the language. In modern times, the greatest threat has been from the universal English language, as more and more Ris speakers use the language in social media.
 
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]].
 
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/.
{{ris sidebar}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="9"|Consonants
! colspan="8"|Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial
! Bilabial
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar
! Dental
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
!  Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Velar
! Postalveolar
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
! Velar
|-
! Glottal
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>apical</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Nasals
!Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
|'''n '''/n/
|colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|
|
|[ŋ]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>affricate</small>
|'''bh''' /pʰ/
|'''ph''' /p͡f/
|'''th''' /tʰ/
|'''th''' /t͡θ/
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|
|
|
|'''kh''' /k͡x/
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
|  
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ]
|-
|-
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|-
|-
!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /pʼ/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /tʼ/
|colspan="2"|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|
|
|'''g''' /kʼ/
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
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|
|
|
|
|'''s''' /s ~ s̺/
|'''s''' /s/
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡z̺ ~ z̺ ~ z̺/
|
|[ʝ]
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Trills
! rowspan="2"|Trills
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/
|  
| '''rh''' /r̥/
|
|
|
|
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/
|  
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''ou, u''' /w/
|
|
|'''i''' /j/
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
|
|
|'''l''' /ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ/
|
|
|}
|}


====Consonant allophony====
====Consonant allophony====
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common to many consonants, and [[w:sandhi|sandhi]] forces them to be realised different in different environments.
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common, and a variety of processes affect the consonants.
 
=====The glottal fricative=====
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in [[w:free variation|free variation]] with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = {{blue|H}}antouzi.
|IPA = /{{blue|h}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/ = /ˈ{{blue|x}}antˈʊːd͡zɪ/ = /ˈ{{blue|ç}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/
|morphemes = hantouzi
|gloss = fine.INT
|translation = Fine, very well.
|index = 1
}}
The velar fricative is the most common one. However, /h/ is susceptible to palatalisation from front vowels which tends to produce the palatal fricative [ç].
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ah, {{blue|h}}estimi
|IPA = /ax ˈ{{blue|ç}}eːstɪmɪ/
|morphemes = ah hestimi
|gloss = INT pride.IV.SG
|translation = Oh, the pride.
|index = 2
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = En, {{blue|h}}imbdous.
|IPA = /ɛn ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɪːmptʼʊs/
|morphemes = en himbdous
|gloss = yes.INT glorified_fool.I.SG
|translation = Yes, a glorified fool.
|index = 3
}}
=====The ejective plosives=====
The [[w:ejective consonant|ejective]] plosives of Ris, /pʼ, tʼ, kʼ/ written <nowiki><b, d, g></nowiki>, are de-ejectivised when preceding another consonant
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = En, him{{blue|b}}dous.
|IPA = /ɛn ˈçɪːm{{blue|p}}tʼʊs/
|morphemes = en himbdous
|gloss = yes.INT glorified_fool.I.SG
|translation = Yes, a glorified fool.
|index = 4
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ouhi, sti a{{blue|g}}rous?
|IPA = /ˈʊçɪ stɪ ˈaː{{blue|k}}rʊs/
|morphemes = ouhi sti agrous
|gloss = no.INT what.IV.SG area.IV.SG
|translation = No, what area?
|index = 5
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ta a{{blue|d}}rhastika.
|IPA = /ta a{{blue|t}}r̥ʰastɪˈkaː/
|morphemes = ta adrhasti-ka
|gloss = so sudden.IV.SG-DIM
|translation = How sudden.
|index = 6
}}
 
====Phonological processes====
<!-- =====Assimilation=====
In verb conjugation, consonant clusters tend to appear. Various [[w:sandhi|]] rules then apply.Rules:* '''Most basic rule''': When two sounds appear next to each other, the first [[w:Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] in voicing and aspiration to the second.** This applies fully to stops. Fricatives assimilate only in voicing, sonorants do not assimilate.* Before an {{IPA|/s/}} (future, aorist stem), velars become {{IPA|[k]}}, labials become {{IPA|[p]}}, and dentals disappear.* Before a {{IPA|/tʰ/}} (aorist passive stem), velars become {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, and dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}.* Before an {{IPA|/m/}} (perfect middle first-singular, first-plural, participle), velars become {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, nasal+velar becomes {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[m]}}, dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}, other sonorants remain the same.
 
-->


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
There are 6 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language.


{{quote
All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>.
|text='''Ptougna i rhaki? Indroui ptegoun i khristi!'''
|sign=''Common Ris saying''
|source=Idioms and phrases in Ris: An analysis. pg. 34
|about= The saying '''The hollow triangle? Rather the Christmas tree!''' is a anti-nationalist idiom which represents the Ris people's belief that their language is inferior to that of their neighbours. This is due to their vowel inventory creating an image of either an hollow triangle, or a pine tree.
}}
 
There are 8 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language. In Ris, the system of vowels are known as ''ptougna i rhaki'' - 'the hollow triangle', due to their symmetrical places of articulation.  
 
All vowels are lengthened when stressed, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are the only ones that change their quality; they are pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="1"|
! Front
! Front
! Near-front
! Near-front
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! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Close
! Close
! <small>short</small>
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉ/
|
|
|
|-
! <small>long</small>
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉː/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Near-close
!Near-close
!<small>short</small>
|
|
|'''i '''/ɪ/  
|'''i '''/ɪ/ · '''y''' /ʏ/
|
|
|'''ou''' /ʊ/
|'''ou '''/ʊ/
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
!Close-mid
|
|'''i '''/ɪː/
|
|
|'''ou '''/ʊː/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|Close-mid
|'''e''' /eː/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''o''' /oː/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Mid
!Mid
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Open-mid
!Open-mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
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|'''o''' /ɔ/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Near-open
!Near-open
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
!Open
!<small>short</small>
|'''a '''/a/
|
|
|
|
|'''a '''/ä/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
|
|
|'''a'''/äː/
|
|
|}
Other than that, my vowels are rather simple. No mystics quirks at all. Well, that's if you choose to ignore the [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] and [[w:umlaut|umlaut]] process in the '''Mirskya dialect'''. Makes it a tad more interesting, in my opinion.
==Orthography==
Ris is primarily written in the [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]], but the original alphabet was in fact [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]]. In its classical and modern form, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega; or ''ai mḗ otḗma'' in Ris. The below table shows the two alphabets and the Ris names for the letters, as well as the pronunciation in '''Standard Ris''' and the colloquial '''Ouis dialect'''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Orthography
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Greek
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Latin
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Pronunciation
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ris
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ouis
|-
|Α α
|''άλπα''
|A a
|''ai''
| colspan="2"|/a/
|-
|Β β
|''βήτα''
|B b
|''bou''
|/b/
|/β/
|-
|Γ γ
|''γάμμα''
|G g
|''gou''
|/g/
|/ɣ/
|-
|Δ δ
|''δέλτα''
|D d
|''da''
|/d/
|/ð/
|-
|Ε ε
|''έψιλαν''
|E e
|''egnás''
| colspan="2" |/ɛ/
|-
|Ζ ζ
|''ζήτα''
|Z z
|''za''
| colspan="2"|/d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/
|-
|Η η
|''ήτα''
|Ē ē
|''etḗma''
|/eː/
|/eɪ̯/
|-
|Θ θ
|''θήτα''
|Th th
|''tha''
|/tʰ/
|/θ/
|-
|Ι ι
|''ιότα''
|I i
|''iou''
| colspan="2" |/ɪ/
|-
|Κ κ
|''κάππα''
|K k
|''kau''
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|Λ λ
|''λάπτα''
|L l
|''la''
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|Μ μ
|''μύα''
|M m
|''ḗma''
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|Ν ν
|''νύα''
|N n
|''ḗna''
| colspan="2"|/n/
|-
|Ξ ξ
|''ξία''
|X x
|''ḗxa''
| colspan="2" |/ks͎ ~ gz͎/
|-
|Ο ο
|''ομίκραν''
|O o
|''ognás''
| colspan="2" |/ɔ/
|-
|Π π
|''πία''
|P p
|''pau''
| colspan="2"|/p/
|-
|Ρ ρ
|''ρό''
|R r
|''ría''
|/r/
|/ɹ/
|-
|'Ρ ῤ
|''ῤαυ''
|Rh rh
|''rhau''
|/r̥ʰ/
|/r/
|-
|Σ σ ς
|''σίγμα''
|S s
|''sa''
| colspan="2" |/s͎/
|-
|Τ τ
|''τάυ''
|T t
|''tau''
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|Υ υ
|''ύψιλαν''
|Y y
|''hytḗma''
|/ʉ/
|/ʏ/
|-
|Φ φ
|''φία''
|Ph ph
|''pha''
|/pʰ/
|/f/
|-
|Χ χ
|''χία''
|Kh kh
|''kha''
|/kʰ/
|/x/
|-
|Ψ ψ
|''ψία''
|Ps ps
|''ḗpsa''
| colspan="2"|/ps͎/
|-
|Ω ω
|''ώμεγα''
|Ō ō
|''otḗma''
|/oː/
|/oɪ̯/
|}
|}
===Diacritics===
The Ris alphabets, both the Latin and Greek one, use a few different diacritics to modify the pronunciation. There are five diacritics that mark the following:
*A stressed vowel in a syllable.
*A long vowel in a syllable.
*An aspirated vowel; preceded by /h/. Can also mark the phoneme /r̥ʰ/.
*A stressed, aspirated vowel.
*A long, aspirated vowel.
The use of [[w:aspiration|aspiration]] here does not refer to the co-articulating process, but rather that the vowel is preceded by an /h/, a "glottal fricative".
====Stressed vowels====
Stressed vowels are marked with an [[w:acute accent|acute accent]], <'''<big>´</big>'''>, in the Latin script. In the Greek alphabet, the diacritic is the acute accent as well, only slightly different; <'''<big>΄</big>'''>. These mark that the syllable with the vowel is to be [[w:Stress (linguistics)|stressed]], and thus articulated stronger, than other syllables.
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right: 50px; margin-left: 50px; text-align: center;"
|-
|[[File:Greek acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek grave.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta.png|50px]]
|-
|Acute || Grave || Eta
|-
|[[File:Greek asper.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek asper acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta acute.png|50px]]
|-
|Spiritus asper || Asper acute || Eta acute
|}
====Long vowels====
Long vowels are vowels pronounced vowels articulated for a longer period of time. These get a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]] in the Greek alphabet, <'''<big>`</big>'''>, and a [[w:macron|macron]] in the Latin script, <'''<big>¯</big>'''>.
Long vowels grave accent in the Greek script when stressed. In the Latin alphabet, however, the stressed long vowels get a second acute accent above the macron, <''<big>' ̄́</big>'''>.
As previously mentioned, all vowels can be long vowels, but there are two vowels that change their quality when elongated; the /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. These are raised to /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. In the Latin script these are marked as expected,  <'''ē'''> and <'''ō'''>. However, in the Greek script, they are replaced by the letters [[w:eta|eta]] <'''η'''> and [[w:omega|omega]] <'''ω'''> respectively.
====Aspiration====
Aspiration, when a vowel is preceded by /h/, is marked by a so-called [[w:rough breathing|dasia]] in the Greek script, <'''<big>῾</big>'''>. In the Latin manner of style though, the letter <'''h'''> precedes the vowel, as it does phonetically.
In the Greek script, the dasia can be combined with the acute and grave accent, producing <'''<big>῞</big>'''> and <'''<big>῝</big>'''>.
The dasia can also be placed on the Greek ''ro'' sign, <'''ρ'''>. The pronunciation of <'''ῤ'''> becomes /r̥ʰ/, an aspirated voiceless alveolo-dental trill.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 523: Line 197:
The [[w:singular|singular]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singularnoun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
The [[w:singular|singular]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singularnoun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Thuo trema.
|phrase = Athuo trema.
|IPA = /ˈtʰʉ̩ːɔ ˈtreːma/
|IPA = /ˈatʰʉ̩ːɔ ˈtreːma/
|morphemes = thu-o tre-{{blue|ma}}
|morphemes = athy-o tre-{{blue|ma}}
|gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I want a grain of wheat.
|translation = I want a grain of wheat.
|index = 7
|index = 4.7
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Mnio mna koupar.
|phrase = Mnio mna koupar.
Line 535: Line 209:
|gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG  
|gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG  
|translation = I see a ram.
|translation = I see a ram.
| index = 8
| index = 4.8
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Imbrouas pagma?
|phrase = Imbrouas pagma?
Line 542: Line 216:
| gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Do you have a minute?
| translation = Do you have a minute?
| index = 9
| index = 4.9
}}
}}


Line 556: Line 230:
| gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  
| gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  
| translation = I always want [two] fish(es).
| translation = I always want [two] fish(es).
| index= 10
| index= 4.10
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = {{blue|Aganti}} ous imistir {{blue|bhouna}}.
|phrase = {{blue|Aganti}} ous imistir {{blue|bhouna}}.
Line 563: Line 237:
| gloss = head.II/LOC.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} too  to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}}
| gloss = head.II/LOC.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} too  to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}}
| translation = You can have fat on your head as well.
| translation = You can have fat on your head as well.
|index = 11
|index = 4.11
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Kerak{{blue|ne}} noukist{{blue|ine}}
|phrase = Kerak{{blue|ne}} noukist{{blue|ine}}
Line 570: Line 244:
| gloss = bird.II-INV.PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC  
| gloss = bird.II-INV.PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC  
| translation = Birds fly.
| translation = Birds fly.
|index = 12
|index = 4.12
}}
}}
======Definite plural======
======Definite plural======
Line 580: Line 254:
| gloss = before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  ball.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} to_roll-IND.IPFV-3{{blue|DEF.PL}}.PAT
| gloss = before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG  ball.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} to_roll-IND.IPFV-3{{blue|DEF.PL}}.PAT
| translation = I see balls rolling before my eyes.
| translation = I see balls rolling before my eyes.
| index= 13
| index= 4.13
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase =  Ai ourani {{blue|ouekitsoi}}.
|phrase =  Ai ourani {{blue|ouekitsoi}}.
Line 587: Line 261:
| gloss = from<ref name="alpha"></ref> heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}}
| gloss = from<ref name="alpha"></ref> heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}}
| translation = The tomatoes from heaven.
| translation = The tomatoes from heaven.
|index = 14
|index = 4.14
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Inaskho {{blue|tabellithoulianta}}.
|phrase = Inaskho {{blue|tabellithoulianta}}.
Line 594: Line 268:
| gloss = to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.{{blue|DEF.PL}}
| gloss = to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.{{blue|DEF.PL}}
| translation = I'm out of marker pens.<ref name="beta"></ref>
| translation = I'm out of marker pens.<ref name="beta"></ref>
|index = 15
|index = 4.15
}}
}}
<ref name="alpha">''ai'', ''au'' and ''ati'' are in fact demonstrative pronouns, but in many contexts, they get an adpositional meaning.</ref>
<ref name="alpha">''ai'', ''au'' and ''ati'' are in fact demonstrative pronouns, but in many contexts, they get an adpositional meaning.</ref>
Line 600: Line 274:
<references/>
<references/>


====Gender====
====Gender and class====
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
<!--''origou'' and ''amirou'' -->There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
 
In addition to this, all Ris nouns are divided into classes. The classes are morphological and semantic, and nouns are grouped according to their gender as well as if it is inherently in the indefinite plural, or if it needs marking. There are as such four classes:
 
:'''I''' - ''animate, marked indefinite plural''
:'''II''' - ''animate, unmarked indefinite plural''
:'''III''' - ''inanimate, marked indefinite plural
:'''IV''' - ''inanimate, unmarked indefinite plural''


In the 2nd and 3rd person singular personal pronouns as well as verbs, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. These mark only natural gender.
The class is the only thing indicated in Ris dictionaries, such as the [[User:Waahlis/Jivanity|Ourhagmatika]], where the lemma form is always written first:
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = thyrri, thyrrini
|IPA = /ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪ ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪnɪ/
|morphemes = thyrrhi-∅ thyrri-ni
|gloss = woman.I-SG woman.I-INDEF.PL
|translation = a woman, women
|index = 4.16
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = oryx, orygma
|IPA = /ˈoːrʉgz ˈoːrʉgma/
|morphemes = oryx-∅ oryg-ma
|gloss = whale.II-INDEF.PL whale.II-SG
|translation = whales, a whale<ref name="gamma"></ref>
|index = 4.17
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = kanthra, kanthrani
|IPA = /ˈkaːntʰra ˈkaːntʰranɪ/
|morphemes = kanthra-∅ kanthra-ni
|gloss = heart.III-SG heart.III-INDEF.PL
|translation = a heart, hearts
|index = 4.18
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = issix, issigma
|IPA = /ˈɪːsːɪgz ˈɪːsːɪgma/
|morphemes = issix-∅ issig-ma
|gloss = hair.IV-INDEF.PL hair.IV-SG
|translation = hair, strand of hair
|index = 4.19
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = ankis, ankisma
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkɪs ˈaːŋkɪsma/
|morphemes = ankis-∅ ankis-ma
|gloss = elbow.IV-INDEF.PL elbow.IV-SG
|translation = 2 elbows, an elbow<ref name="delta"></ref>
|index = 4.20
}}<ref name="gamma">Typical examples of class II are animals, although ''gytei'', "fish", is a notable example.
</ref><ref name="delta">Since the indefinite plural has coalesced with the dual, some nouns may have an unmarked dual form. These nouns are typically body parts.</ref>
<references/>


==Morphosyntax==
==Morphosyntax==
Line 615: Line 334:
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  


The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.
The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ankour{{blue|o}}.
|phrase = Ankouro.
|IPA = /aŋˈkʊːrɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|morphemes = ankour-∅-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = to trip-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1SG
|gloss = to trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = I fell.|index = 5.21
|translation = I fell.
}}{{Gloss/indexable
}}
|phrase = Hyrrhorebma henta inist{{blue|a}}.
 
|IPA = /çʏˈr̥ʰːoːrɛpma ˈçeːnta ˈɪːnɪsta/
{{Gloss
|morphemes = hyrrhorebma hent-∅-a in-ist-{{blue|a}}
|phrase = Energanni hentai inistin.
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG be_okay-IND.PRFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG exist-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|IPA = /ɛnˈeːrkanːɪ ˈçeːntaj ˈɪːnɪstɪn/
|translation = There is an okay squirrel soup.
|morphemes = energa{{blue|n}}-ni in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|index = 5.22
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC-COP okay.ADF.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
|phrase = Tagerras kerax!
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Tagerras kerax.
|IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/
|IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/
| morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}}
| morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}}
| gloss = hit.ACT-IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = hit-IMP.PRFV-AGT.2SG bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Hit the bird.
| translation = Hit the bird!
}}
|index = 5.23
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aner, ouinestra teskh{{blue|o}}...
|phrase = Aner, ouinestra teskho...
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/
|morphemes = aner-∅ ouinestra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} ouinestra-{{blue|∅}} teskh-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|gloss = mother.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
|index= 5.24
}}
}}


====Agentive case====
====Agentive case====
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs.
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.{{Gloss/indexable
The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.
|phrase = Kater{{red|os}} kterma.
 
|IPA = /ˈkaːtɛrɔs ˈktɛrma/
{{Gloss|phrase = Mau katēro kterma.
|morphemes = kater-∅-{{red|os}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|gloss = to_write-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG writeACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I am writing a letter.
|translation = I am writing a letter.
}}
|index=5.25
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Kaukanthri{{red|as}} hai!
|phrase = He tethoūris.
|IPA = /kawˈkantʰrijas xaj/
|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|morphemes = kau~ka<n>ter-i-{{red|as}} hai
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|gloss =  <NEG>ITR~to_write-POT-{{red|AGT}}.1SG such
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG IND.ITR~run.ACT-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|translation = You can't go on writing like that!
|translation = He is running around.
|index=5.26
}}
}}{{Gloss/indexable
 
|phrase = Katerr{{red|as}} sta ha{{red|os}}!
{{Gloss
|IPA = /kaˈtɛrːas sta ˈxaɔ̩s/
|phrase = Ānkouros...!
|morphemes = kater-r-as sta ha-∅-os
|gloss = to_write-SUBJ-{{red|AGT}}.1SG what to_wish-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}
|translation = I'll write what I wish!
|index=5.26
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ankouros...!
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| morphemes = ankour-∅-{{red|os}}
| gloss = trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| gloss = to_trip-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| translation = I purposely trip...!
| translation = I purposely trip...!
|index=5.27
}}
}}


====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases====
====Unaccusatives, unergatives and the inversion of cases====
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|350px]]
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.  
 
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.


{{Gloss
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.
|phrase = Ekras{{blue|a}} makhina.
|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/
|IPA = /ɛˈkraːsa ˈmaːkʰɪna/
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|a}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = crash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|gloss = to_crash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG car.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = The car crashed.
|translation = The car crashed.
}}
|index = 5.28
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aner tsanist{{blue|a}}.
|phrase = Anēr psānisti.
|IPA = /aˈneːr ˈtsaːnɪsta/
|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
|morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} psan-ist-{{blue|a}}
|morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}}
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to_cry-IND.IPFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = Mother cries.
|translation = Mother cries.
}}
|index = 5.29
 
}}{{Gloss/indexable
{{Gloss
|phrase = Nta{{blue|os}}.
|phrase = Ngaos.
|IPA = /ˈntaːos/
|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}}
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}}
|gloss = sleep.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|gloss = to_sleep-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
|index = 5.30
}}
}}
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = He gāmi!
|phrase = Khamista!
|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/
|IPA = /ˈkʰaːmɪsta/
|morphemes = he gām-∅-{{blue|i}}
|morphemes = kham-ist-{{blue|a}}
|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3.SG
|gloss = to_come-IND.IPFV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3SG
|translation = He's coming!
|translation = It's coming!
}}
}}


Line 737: Line 453:
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
}}
}}
===Case===
===Case===
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
Line 1,309: Line 1,026:
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Ris]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]]
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