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|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Ris
|name = Ris
|nativename = Rhanzi ri
|nativename = oī́kas ri
|pronunciation= /ˈr̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪ/
|pronunciation= /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
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|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor= American
|familycolor= American
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Jasi-Jivan languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Jivan
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|agency=
|agency=
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}}
}}


'''Ris''' is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The '''Ris''' language, ''oī́kas ri'', /ɔˈɪːkas  rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages.  


The '''Ris''' language, '''Rhanzi ri''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs͎/, is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
The '''Ris''' language, '''ρανζι ρις''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a [[User:Waahlis/Jivanity|Jivan language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.


The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Ris: ''Hagiastanou katerrhasthmai'', ''Αγιαστάνου κατήρρασθμαι''). The documents were a Greek transcript of letters in the languages around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]].


 
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
{{quote
|text=I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The ''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]'', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. [...] <!-- Then there are the ''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]'', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. --> Then there are the ''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]'', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Ris|Risoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]''
|sign=-Antenor Erevanon, 9<sup>th</sup> century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler
|source=Hayastani documents
}}
 
The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighbouring languages, such as Armenian and Georgian as well as enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers, threaten the language. In modern times, the greatest threat has been from the universal English language, as more and more Ris speakers use the language in social media.
 
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]].
 
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/.
{{ris sidebar}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="9"|Consonants
! colspan="8"|Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial
! Bilabial
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar
! Dental
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
!  Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Velar
! Postalveolar
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
! Velar
|-
! Glottal
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>apical</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Nasals
!Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
|'''n '''/n/
|colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|
|
|[ŋ]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>affricate</small>
|'''ph, bh''' /pʰ/
|'''ph''' /p͡f/
|'''th''' /tʰ/
|'''th''' /t͡θ/
|
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|
|
|'''kh, gh''' /kʰ/
|'''kh''' /k͡x/
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ]
|  
|-
|-
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|-
|-
!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /pʼ/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /tʼ/
|colspan="2"|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|
|
|'''g''' /kʼ/
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
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|
|
|
|
|'''s''' /s ~ s̺/
|'''s''' /s/
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡z̺ ~ z̺ ~ z̺/
|
|[ʝ]
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Trills
! rowspan="2"|Trills
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/
|  
| '''rh''' /r̥/
|
|
|
|
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/
|  
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''ou, u''' /w/
|
|
|'''i''' /j/
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
|
|
|'''l''' /ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ/
|
|
|}
|}


====Consonant allophony====
====Consonant allophony====
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common to many consonants, and [[w:sandhi|sandhi]] forces them to be realised different in different environments.
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common, and a variety of processes affect the consonants.
 
=====The glottal fricative=====
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in [[w:free variation|free variation]] with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = {{blue|H}}antouzi.
|IPA = /{{blue|h}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/ = /{{blue|x}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/ = /{{blue|ç}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/
|morphemes = hantouzi
|gloss = fine.INT
|translation = Fine, very well.
|index = 2.1
}}
The velar fricative is the most common one. However, /h/ is susceptible to palatalisation from front vowels which tends to produce the palatal fricative [ç].
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ah, {{blue|h}}estimi
|IPA = /ax ˈ{{blue|ç}}eːstɪmɪ/
|morphemes = ah hestimi
|gloss = INT pride.IV.SG
|translation = Oh, the pride.
|index = 2.2
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = En, {{blue|h}}imbdous.
|IPA = /ɛn ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɪːmptʼʊs/
|morphemes = en himbdous
|gloss = yes.INT glorified_fool.I.SG
|translation = Yes, a glorified fool.
|index = 2.3
}}
=====The ejective plosives=====
The [[w:ejective consonant|ejective]] plosives of Ris, /pʼ, tʼ, kʼ/ written <nowiki><b, d, g></nowiki>, are de-ejectivised when preceding another consonant
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = En, him{{blue|b}}dous.
|IPA = /ɛn ˈçɪːm{{blue|p}}tʼʊs/
|morphemes = en himbdous
|gloss = yes.INT glorified_fool.I.SG
|translation = Yes, a glorified fool.
|index = 2.4
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ouhi, sti a{{blue|g}}rous?
|IPA = /ˈʊçɪ stɪ ˈaː{{blue|k}}rʊs/
|morphemes = ouhi sti agrous
|gloss = no.INT what.IV.SG area.IV.SG
|translation = No, what area?
|index = 2.5
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ta a{{blue|d}}rhastika.
|IPA = /ta a{{blue|t}}r̥ʰastɪˈkaː/
|morphemes = ta adrhasti-ka
|gloss = so sudden.IV.SG-DIM
|translation = How sudden.
|index = 2.6
}}
 
====Phonological processes====
<!-- =====Assimilation=====
In verb conjugation, consonant clusters tend to appear. Various [[w:sandhi|]] rules then apply.Rules:* '''Most basic rule''': When two sounds appear next to each other, the first [[w:Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] in voicing and aspiration to the second.** This applies fully to stops. Fricatives assimilate only in voicing, sonorants do not assimilate.* Before an {{IPA|/s/}} (future, aorist stem), velars become {{IPA|[k]}}, labials become {{IPA|[p]}}, and dentals disappear.* Before a {{IPA|/tʰ/}} (aorist passive stem), velars become {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, and dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}.* Before an {{IPA|/m/}} (perfect middle first-singular, first-plural, participle), velars become {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, nasal+velar becomes {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[m]}}, dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}, other sonorants remain the same.
 
-->


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
There are 6 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language.


{{quote
All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>.
|text='''Ptougna i rhaki? Indroui ptegoun i khristi!'''
|sign=''Common Ris saying''
|source=Idioms and phrases in Ris: An analysis. pg. 34
|about= The saying '''The hollow triangle? Rather the Christmas tree!''' is a anti-nationalist idiom which represents the Ris people's belief that their language is inferior to that of their neighbours. This is due to their vowel inventory creating an image of either an hollow triangle, or a pine tree.
}}
 
There are 8 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language. In Ris, the system of vowels are known as ''ptougna i rhaki'' - 'the hollow triangle', due to their symmetrical places of articulation.  
 
All vowels are lengthened when stressed, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are the only ones that change their quality; they are pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|+'''Ris vowels'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="1"|
! Front
! Front
! Near-front
! Near-front
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! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Close
! Close
! <small>short</small>
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉ/
|
|
|
|-
! <small>long</small>
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /ʉː/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Near-close
!Near-close
!<small>short</small>
|
|
|'''i '''/ɪ/  
|'''i '''/ɪ/ · '''y''' /ʏ/
|
|
|'''ou''' /ʊ/
|'''ou '''/ʊ/
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
!Close-mid
|
|
|'''i '''/ɪː/
|
|
|'''ou '''/ʊː/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|Close-mid
|'''e''' /eː/
|
|
|
|
|
|'''o''' /oː/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Mid
!Mid
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Open-mid
!Open-mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
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|'''o''' /ɔ/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Near-open
!Near-open
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
!Open
!<small>short</small>
|'''a '''/a/
|
|
|
|
|'''a '''/ä/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>long</small>
|
|
|'''a'''/äː/
|
|
|}
|}
Other than that, my vowels are rather simple. No mystics quirks at all. Well, that's if you choose to ignore the [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] and [[w:umlaut|umlaut]] process in the '''Mirskya dialect'''. Makes it a tad more interesting, in my opinion.
<!-- ==Orthography==
Ris is primarily written in the [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]], but the original alphabet was in fact [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]]. In its classical and modern form, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega; or ''ai mḗ otḗma'' in Ris. The below table shows the two alphabets and the Ris names for the letters, as well as the pronunciation in '''Standard Ris''' and the colloquial '''Ouis dialect'''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Orthography
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Greek
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Latin
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Pronunciation
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ris
! scope="col" style="width: 50px; "|Ouis
|-
|Α α
|''άλπα''
|A a
|''ai''
| colspan="2"|/a/
|-
|Β β
|''βήτα''
|B b
|''bou''
|/b/
|/β/
|-
|Γ γ
|''γάμμα''
|G g
|''gou''
|/g/
|/ɣ/
|-
|Δ δ
|''δέλτα''
|D d
|''da''
|/d/
|/ð/
|-
|Ε ε
|''έψιλαν''
|E e
|''egnás''
| colspan="2" |/ɛ/
|-
|Ζ ζ
|''ζήτα''
|Z z
|''za''
| colspan="2"|/d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/
|-
|Η η
|''ήτα''
|Ē ē
|''etḗma''
|/eː/
|/eɪ̯/
|-
|Θ θ
|''θήτα''
|Th th
|''tha''
|/tʰ/
|/θ/
|-
|Ι ι
|''ιότα''
|I i
|''iou''
| colspan="2" |/ɪ/
|-
|Κ κ
|''κάππα''
|K k
|''kau''
| colspan="2" |/k/
|-
|Λ λ
|''λάπτα''
|L l
|''la''
| colspan="2" |/l/
|-
|Μ μ
|''μύα''
|M m
|''ḗma''
| colspan="2" |/m/
|-
|Ν ν
|''νύα''
|N n
|''ḗna''
| colspan="2"|/n/
|-
|Ξ ξ
|''ξία''
|X x
|''ḗxa''
| colspan="2" |/ks͎ ~ gz͎/
|-
|Ο ο
|''ομίκραν''
|O o
|''ognás''
| colspan="2" |/ɔ/
|-
|Π π
|''πία''
|P p
|''pau''
| colspan="2"|/p/
|-
|Ρ ρ
|''ρό''
|R r
|''ría''
|/r/
|/ɹ/
|-
|'Ρ ῤ
|''ῤαυ''
|Rh rh
|''rhau''
|/r̥ʰ/
|/r/
|-
|Σ σ ς
|''σίγμα''
|S s
|''sa''
| colspan="2" |/s͎/
|-
|Τ τ
|''τάυ''
|T t
|''tau''
| colspan="2" |/t/
|-
|Υ υ
|''ύψιλαν''
|Y y
|''hytḗma''
|/ʉ/
|/ʏ/
|-
|Φ φ
|''φία''
|Ph ph
|''pha''
|/pʰ/
|/f/
|-
|Χ χ
|''χία''
|Kh kh
|''kha''
|/kʰ/
|/x/
|-
|Ψ ψ
|''ψία''
|Ps ps
|''ḗpsa''
| colspan="2"|/ps͎/
|-
|Ω ω
|''ώμεγα''
|Ō ō
|''otḗma''
|/oː/
|/oɪ̯/
|}
===Diacritics===
The Ris alphabets, both the Latin and Greek one, use a few different diacritics to modify the pronunciation. There are five diacritics that mark the following:
*A stressed vowel in a syllable.
*A long vowel in a syllable.
*An aspirated vowel; preceded by /h/. Can also mark the phoneme /r̥ʰ/.
*A stressed, aspirated vowel.
*A long, aspirated vowel.
The use of [[w:aspiration|aspiration]] here does not refer to the co-articulating process, but rather that the vowel is preceded by an /h/, a "glottal fricative".
====Stressed vowels====
Stressed vowels are marked with an [[w:acute accent|acute accent]], <'''<big>´</big>'''>, in the Latin script. In the Greek alphabet, the diacritic is the acute accent as well, only slightly different; <'''<big>΄</big>'''>. These mark that the syllable with the vowel is to be [[w:Stress (linguistics)|stressed]], and thus articulated stronger, than other syllables.
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right: 50px; margin-left: 50px; text-align: center;"
|-
|[[File:Greek acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek grave.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta.png|50px]]
|-
|Acute || Grave || Eta
|-
|[[File:Greek asper.png|50px]]
|[[File:Greek asper acute.png|50px]]
|[[File:Latin eta acute.png|50px]]
|-
|Spiritus asper || Asper acute || Eta acute
|}
====Long vowels====
Long vowels are vowels pronounced vowels articulated for a longer period of time. These get a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]] in the Greek alphabet, <'''<big>`</big>'''>, and a [[w:macron|macron]] in the Latin script, <'''<big>¯</big>'''>.
Long vowels grave accent in the Greek script when stressed. In the Latin alphabet, however, the stressed long vowels get a second acute accent above the macron, <''<big>' ̄́</big>'''>.
As previously mentioned, all vowels can be long vowels, but there are two vowels that change their quality when elongated; the /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. These are raised to /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. In the Latin script these are marked as expected,  <'''ē'''> and <'''ō'''>. However, in the Greek script, they are replaced by the letters [[w:eta|eta]] <'''η'''> and [[w:omega|omega]] <'''ω'''> respectively.
====Aspiration====
Aspiration, when a vowel is preceded by /h/, is marked by a so-called [[w:rough breathing|dasia]] in the Greek script, <'''<big>῾</big>'''>. In the Latin manner of style though, the letter <'''h'''> precedes the vowel, as it does phonetically.
In the Greek script, the dasia can be combined with the acute and grave accent, producing <'''<big>῞</big>'''> and <'''<big>῝</big>'''>.
The dasia can also be placed on the Greek ''ro'' sign, <'''ρ'''>. The pronunciation of <'''ῤ'''> becomes /r̥ʰ/, an aspirated voiceless alveolo-dental trill.
-->


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 1,354: Line 1,026:
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Ris]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]]
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