Tevrés

Tevrés
Hilerán
lla çear tevressa
Created by	Limius
Setting	Avrid
Native to	Tevrén
Ethnicity	Tevor
Native speakers	12 million (83NIA)
Language family	Maro-Ephenian Iscaric Aeranid Southeast Epheno-Aeranid Hilero-Aeranid Tevrés
Early forms	Proto-Maro-Ephenian Proto-Iscaric Aeranir Old Tevrés
Dialects	Southern King's Court Northern
Official status
Official language in	Tevrén
Regulated by	lla Axes llos Rendre

Tevrés (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as Hilerán (/ileˈɾãn/), or the Tevren Language (lla çear tevressa) is an Aeranid Language originating in the Çien-uy-Tevrén region of northern Hileria, and has around 12 million speakers throughout the nation of Tevrén, where it is the official language, as well as another 100 thousand speakers in Fasser.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BNIA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BNIA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Azcotive and Lludazfassín. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-lli-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BNIA into Tevrén Vuy.

Tevrés is closely related to the Hilero-Vallic group of languages in the north east, such as Morrazol. It is less related to Ilesse, which is spoken in the region of Ilea. Nevertheless, these languages are often conflated under the banner of 'Tevrés,' or more specifically 'Hileranos.'

Name of the Language

The word tevrés descends from Aeranir tibōris (stress shifted to match accusative tibōrissin), referring to the Tiborer, an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire. The Tiborer also lent their name to Tevrén, from tibōrāniun.

All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as tevrés. The term hilerán is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called lla çear vuya (proper language), uy tevrés vuis (proper Tevrés), or vuyán in order to differentiate it from other hileranos languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Coronal			Palatal or postalveolar	Velar
			Lamino- dental	Apico- alveolar	Lateral
Nasal		m		n		ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪			tʃ	k
	voiced	b	d̪			ɟ	g
Fricative	voiceless	f	s̻	s̺	ɬ	ʃ~x~h
	voiced		z̻	z̺	ɮ	ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
Rhotic	trill			r
	tap			ɾ
Approximate		(w)			l	ʎ	(w)

Dialects

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging voiced and voiceless sibilants. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

Differences between northern and southern pronunciation

Letter	Northern	Southern	Court	Example		Letter	Northern	Southern	Court	Example
ç	[s̻]	[θ]	[s̻]	çeña ('love')		ļ, ļļ*	[ɬ]	[ɕ]	[ɬ]	ļana ('flower')
z	[z̻]	[ð]		colezos ('counties')		ļ**	[ɮ]	[ʑ]		veļa ('life')
s, ss*	[s̺]	[s]	[s̺]	suel ('sky')		x	[ʃ]	[h]	[ʃ]	Moxa (a name)
s**	[z̺]	[z]		hormesos ('salves')		j	[ʒ]	[ɦ]		oveja ('talk')

Notes:

• * the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ss and ļļ respectively between vowels.
• ** the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written s and ļ) occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Nouns

Declension

Class I noun endings

	temporary		cyclical
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Genitive	-e	-os	-a	-as
Dative-Accusative	-o	-on		-an
Ergative-Ablative	-a	-os		-as

Class II noun endings

	temporary		cyclical
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Genitive	-Ø, -es, -s	-os	-Ø, -es, -s	-os
Dative-Accusative	-e	-en	-e	-en
Ergative-Ablative		-es		-es

Case

The nominative-genitive case is used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, the agent of a transitive verb, or the donor of a ditransitive verb. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb. When it takes these roles, it is glossed as nom.

Articles

Definite article

	temporary		cyclical
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Genitive	ul/uy	llos	lla	llas
Dative-Accusative	llo	llon		llan
Ergative-Ablative	lla	llos		llas

Pronouns

Tevrés Personal Pronouns

		1st person		2nd person		3nd person
						temporary		cyclical
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative- Genitive	emphatic	tego	yos	nego	ros	ul/uy	llos	lla	llas
	plain	ti		ni
Dative-Accusative		te	yon	ne	ruen	llo	llon		llan
Ergative-Ablative		ted	yos	nen	ros	lla	llos		llas

Verbs

Conjugation

Transitive verbs show three different modes of morphosyntactic alignment, depending on the arguments present. When the subject of a transitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses nominative agreement. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, and the object is in the accusative case. When the object is the first or second person, the verb displays ergative agreement. Here, the subject is in the ablative case, which doubles as an ergative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the object. In both of these cases, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped. If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of split-ergativity, where the subject of the verb is in the nominative case and the object in the accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the absolutive argument.

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

Transitive verb endings

	Singular						Plural
	nominative		ergative		split		nominative		ergative		split
	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	3rd t.	3rd c.	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	3rd
Non-past	-o -o -o	-aste -iste -este	-al -el -el	-alas -elas -elas	-as -es -es	-a -a -a	-am -im -em	-ad -id -ed	-álam -élam -élam	-álad -élad -élad	-an -en -en
Past regular	-ó -ió -ió	-oste -ioste -ioste	-ol -iol -iol	-olas -iolas -iolas	-ós -iós -iós	-á -iá -iá	-om -iom -iom	-od -iod -iod	-ólam -iólam -iólam	-ólad -iólad -iólad	-ón -ión -ión
Past irregular	-o	-este	-el	-elas	-es	-a	-em	-ed	-élam	-élad	-en

Intransitive verb endings

	Singular					Plural
	1st	2nd	3rd t.	3rd c.	1st	2nd	3rd
Non-past	-o -o -o	-aste -iste -este	-as -es -es	-a -a -a	-amos -imos -emos	-áis -ís -éis	-an -en -en
Past regular	-ó -ió -ió	-oste -ioste -ioste	-ós -iós -iós	-á -iá -iá	-om -iom -iom	-od -iod -iod	-ón -ión -ión
Past irregular	-o	-este	-es	-a	-em	-ed	-en

Writing System

Romanisation

Consonants

Letter	Context	IPA	English approximation
b or v	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[b]	practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully voiced; e.g. about
	elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)	[v]	same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; bevy
c	before another consonant	[ɣ]	a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between gold and ahold), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; gabber
	elsewhere	[k]	same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. skull, scan, or picking (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in can)
ç	everywhere	[s̻] (northern Tevrén) or [θ] (southern Tevrén)	between mess and meth (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English voiceless ⟨th⟩ (as in thing) in southern Tevrén
ch	everywhere	[tʃ]	same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; church
d	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[d]	practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully voiced and the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth; e.g. adore
	elsewhere	[ð]	same as the typical English voiced ⟨th⟩; e.g. this
f	everywhere	[f]	same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. face
g	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[ʒ] (nothern Tevrén) or [ɦ] (southern Tevrén)	same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like measure or fusion, same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. joie) in northern Tevrén, or like Received Pronunciation ⟨h⟩ in words like behind, same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. hagelslag) in southern Tevrén
	not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[g]	practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully voiced; e.g. ago
	not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ]	a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between gold and ahold), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; gabber
gu	before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[gw]	a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English penguin
	before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣw]	similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[g]	practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully voiced; e.g. ago
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ]	a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between gold and ahold), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; gabber
h	everywhere	(silent)	silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English honor or hour)
j	word final	[ʃ] (nothern Tevrén) or [h] (southern Tevrén)	same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. shush) in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. happy) in southern Tevrén
	elsewhere	[ʒ] (nothern Tevrén) or [ɦ] (southern Tevrén)	same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like measure or fusion, same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. joie) in northern Tevrén, or like Received Pronunciation ⟨h⟩ in words like behind, same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. hagelslag) in southern Tevrén
l	everywhere	[l]	same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. lull
ll	everywhere	[ʎ]	similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English million
ļ	before a voiced consonant or between vowels	[ɮ] (nothern Tevrén) or [ʑ] (southern Tevrén)	a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between joue and lieu) in northern Tevrén, or like Kagoshima Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
	elsewhere	[ɬ] (nothern Tevrén) or [ɕ] (southern Tevrén)	a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between happy and lieu), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. Ebrill) in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
ļļ	only occurs between vowels
m	everywhere	[m]	same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; madam
n	before ⟨v⟩
	before ⟨f⟩	[ɱ]	same as the English ⟨m⟩ in symphony
	before ⟨y⟩	[ɲ]	similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in canyon, same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; niño
	before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩	[ŋ]	same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in sing
	elsewhere	[n]	same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. nun
ñ	everywhere	[ɲ]	similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in canyon, same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; niño
p	in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩	[v]	same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; bevy
	elsewhere	[p]	same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. span or typing (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in pan)
qu	only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[k]	same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. skull, scan, or picking (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in can)
r	word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)	[r]	trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
	elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)	[ɾ]	flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ladder or ⟨tt⟩ of latter in American English, same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in caro
rr	only occurs between vowels	[r]	trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
s	before a voiced consonant or between vowels	[z̺] (nothern Tevrén) or [z] (southern Tevrén)	a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between joue and zoo) in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. jazz) in southern Tevrén
	elsewhere	[s̺] (nothern Tevrén) or [s] (southern Tevrén)	a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between shush and sass) in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. sass) in southern Tevrén
ss	only occurs between vowels
t	before voiced consonants	[ð]	same as the typical English voiced ⟨th⟩; e.g. this
	elsewhere	[t]	same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. stand (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in tan). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
x	everywhere	[ʃ] (nothern Tevrén) or [h] (southern Tevrén)	same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. shush) in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. happy) in southern Tevrén
y	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[ɟ]	Between English dew (RP) and argue
	as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong)	[j]	same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); aye, boy
	elsewhere	[ʝ]	similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to yes or Jess
z	word final	[s̻] (northern Tevrén) or [θ] (southern Tevrén)	between mess and meth (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English voiceless ⟨th⟩ (as in thing) in southern Tevrén
	elsewhere	[z̻] (northern Tevrén) or [ð] (southern Tevrén)	between raise and bathe (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English voiced ⟨th⟩ (as in that) in southern Tevrén

Lexicon

Tevrés Lexicon.