Tsimulh languages: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


[[Tsimulh languages/Lexicon|Lexicon of Proto-Tsimulh]]<br/>
[[Tsimulh languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh lists for the Tsimulh languages]]<br/>
[[Tsimulh languages/Sketchbook]]
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]
| region      = Much of Txapoalli
| region      = Taivíor, Txapoalli, Talma
| name        = Tsimulh
| name        = Tsimulh
| familycolor = tsimulh
| familycolor = Tsimulh
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Hmøøh's primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Tsimulh
| protoname  = Proto-Tsimulh
| child1 = Hetmic
| child1 = Mustlup
| child2 = Idosic
| child2 = Swuntsim
| child3 = Swuntsimic
| child3 = Twethoic
| child4 = Rencadic
| child4 = Hetomic
| child5 = Pelhyysic
}}
}}
The '''Tsimulh languages''' are a large [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Hmøøh/Taivíor|Taivíor]].


The '''Tsimulh languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Tsimys'', [[Windermere]]: ''fi imbrits Tsimăł'', from [[Sacred Swuntsim]] ''tsiməσ'', 'tribe', pl. of ''ʔiməσ'' 'tribesman') form the largest language family in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', whose aesthetics is inspired by Old Chinese and the Salish languages.
==Todo==
==Todo==
*''-s'': past tense, genitive
*''-s'': past tense, genitive
*''-əσ'': some adjectival suffix
*''-txʷ''
*''-iyad'' = augmentative
*''-cid''
*''-dəb'' = augmentative
*Reduplication
*Reduplication
*relativizer/relative forms for verbs
*relativizer/relative forms for verbs
*m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Swuntsim]] ~ Tsimulh?)
*N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo''
*k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo''
*Work on Talman Swuntsim first
*Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again
*Might not have ejectives


==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
*Proto-Tsimulh
*Proto-Tsimulh
**[[Sacred Swuntsim]]
**[[Mustlup]]
***[[Swuntsim]] (''təSfətsiv'')
**[[Swuntsim]]
**[[Hetomic]] (''tiHetom'')
** Twethoic languages (placeholder name)
**[[Pelhyys]] (''tPezlüüt'')
*** [[Twetho]]
**Idosic
*** [[Adatsim]]
***[[Idosian]] (''səyIdosm'')
**[[Hetomic]]
**[[Rencadian]] (''diZhęqad'') Some retroflexy language - get retros from assimilation to uvulars


==Urheimat==
==Urheimat==
Somewhere in Txapoalli
Somewhere in Txapoalli
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless
Tsimulh phonotactics is dominated by CV syllables. Coda consonants are only allowed word-finally.
 
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
A lot of consonants, but no liquids!
{| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center
{| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ŋ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| Stop
!rowspan=3| Stop
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
| p
| p
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| g
| g
| gʷ
| gʷ
| ɢ
|  
| ɢʷ
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| Affricate
! <small>ejective</small>
| pʼ
| tʼ
|
|
| kʼ
| kʷʼ
| qʼ
| qʷʼ
|
|-
!rowspan=3| Affricate
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
|  
|  
| c
| c
| ξ
| ƛ
|  
| č
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| z
| z
| λ
| ž
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
| cʼ
| ƛʼ
| čʼ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|
|
| s
| s
| σ
| ł
|  
| š
|  
| x
|  
| xʷ
|  
| x̌
|  
| x̌ʷ
| h
| h
|-
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
!rowspan=2| Approximant
! <small>plain</small>
|
|
|
|
|  
| l
| y
| y
|
|
| w
| w
|
|
|
|-
! <small>glottalized</small>
|
|
| lʼ
| yʼ
|
| wʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
l and l' are actually Eevo L and glottalized Eevo L.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''i u e a į ų ę ą''' /i u ə a ĩ ũ ə̃ ã/
'''i u ə a'''


===Tone===
===Stress===
Proto-Tsimulh was a tonal language: Every syllable had either high or low tone. The low tone is marked with a grave accent.
Penultimate.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Proto-Tsimulh and Tsimulh languages are almost exclusively prefixing.
===Nouns===
====Noun classes====
Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
#''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
#''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things (such as weather phenomena and organs) that move on their own
#''pà-'', pl. ''pí-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow, food
#''sə̀-'', pl. ''sì-'' = collections or large things
#''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
#''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices, food item
#''kə̀-'', pl. ''bí-'' = places, locations, slots
#''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
#''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
#''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
*Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swuntsim)
*Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Hetmic; Pelhyys)
*Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swuntsim)
*Type D: SG/PL-marking only (e.g. Idosian)
*Type E: No concords at all (e.g. [retroflexy tsimulh language])
====Cases====
*Nominative: ''-0''
*Genitive: ''-s''
====Possession====
(Same as verbal concord affixes)
*I = ''kʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*we = ''wə-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*Noun class prefixes:
#''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
#''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
#''pà-'', pl. ''xə̀-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#''sə̀-'', pl. ''dú-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
#''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
#''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#''kə̀-'', pl. ''yí-'' = places, locations, slots
#''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
#''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
#''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
===Verbs===
====Noun class prefixes====
TODO: Some of the class markers should be different from class markers on nouns.
*I = ''kʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*we = ''wə-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*Noun class prefixes:
#''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
#''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
#''pà-'', pl. ''xə̀-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#''sə̀-'', pl. ''dú-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
#''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
#''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#''kə̀-'', pl. ''yí-'' = places, locations, slots
#''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
#''t’ím-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
#''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
====Tense affixes====
Some verbal infix, like {{angbr|''n''}}
Tenses:
*present
*recent past
*remote past
*irrealis (can be used alone or with a modal particle in daughter languages): ''dę-''
====Evidentiality====
===Numbers===
The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
(Sacred Swuntsim)
1: *-an
2: *-xʷiš
3: *-ʔiyəm
4: *-udzuq
5: *-t'uŋ
6: *-čayədz
7: *-buč'əŋ
8: *-gwiməʔ
9: *-anay
10: *-kʷ'in


==Derivation==
[[Category:Naquic languages|*]][[Category:Language families]]
===Deriving nouns===
maybe they'd have derivational prefixes that are a certain noun class like IE languages do
===Deriving verbs===
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]]

Latest revision as of 18:32, 3 May 2023

Lexicon of Proto-Tsimulh
Swadesh lists for the Tsimulh languages
Tsimulh languages/Sketchbook

Tsimulh
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Taivíor, Txapoalli, Talma
Linguistic classificationOne of Hmøøh's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Tsimulh
Subdivisions
  • Mustlup
  • Swuntsim
  • Twethoic
  • Hetomic

The Tsimulh languages are a large Trician language family mainly spoken in Taivíor.

Todo

  • -s: past tense, genitive
  • -txʷ
  • -cid
  • -dəb = augmentative
  • Reduplication
  • relativizer/relative forms for verbs

Phylogeny

Urheimat

Somewhere in Txapoalli

Phonology

Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal m n
Stop plain p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
voiced b d g gʷ
ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ
Affricate plain c ƛ č
voiced z λ ž
ejective cʼ ƛʼ čʼ
Fricative s ł š x xʷ x̌ x̌ʷ h
Approximant plain l y w
glottalized lʼ yʼ wʼ

l and l' are actually Eevo L and glottalized Eevo L.

Vowels

i u ə a

Stress

Penultimate.

Morphology

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