Tsimulh languages: Difference between revisions
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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | ||
The '''Tsimulh languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Tsimyx'', [[Rhythoed]]: ''fi imbrits Tsimăł'', from [[Sacred | The '''Tsimulh languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Tsimyx'', [[Rhythoed]]: ''fi imbrits Tsimăł'', from [[Sacred Swuntsim]] ''tsiməσ'', 'tribe', pl. of ''ʔiməσ'' 'tribesman') are a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', which is inspired by Bantu, Old Chinese, and the Salish languages. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*''-s'': past tense, genitive | *''-s'': past tense, genitive | ||
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*Reduplication | *Reduplication | ||
*relativizer/relative forms for verbs | *relativizer/relative forms for verbs | ||
*m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Talman | *m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Talman Swuntsim]] ~ Tsimulh?) | ||
*N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo'' | *N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo'' | ||
*k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo'' | *k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo'' | ||
*Work on Talman | *Work on Talman Swuntsim first | ||
*Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again | *Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again | ||
*Might not have ejectives | *Might not have ejectives | ||
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==Phylogeny== | ==Phylogeny== | ||
*Proto-Tsimulh | *Proto-Tsimulh | ||
**[[Sacred | **[[Sacred Swuntsim]] | ||
***[[ | ***[[Swuntsim]] (Talman) | ||
**[[Hetmic]] | **[[Hetmic]] | ||
**[[Pelhyys]] | **[[Pelhyys]] | ||
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In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have: | In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have: | ||
*Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred | *Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swuntsim) | ||
*Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Pelhyys) | *Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Pelhyys) | ||
*Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman | *Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swuntsim) | ||
*Type D: SG/PL-marking only | *Type D: SG/PL-marking only | ||
*Type E: No concords at all | *Type E: No concords at all | ||
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The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not. | The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not. | ||
(Sacred | (Sacred Swuntsim) | ||
1: *-an | 1: *-an |
Revision as of 19:42, 11 September 2018
The Tsimulh languages (Eevo: bo brits Tsimyx, Rhythoed: fi imbrits Tsimăł, from Sacred Swuntsim tsiməσ, 'tribe', pl. of ʔiməσ 'tribesman') are a Trician language family mainly spoken in Txapoalli. The proto-language is Proto-Tsimulh, which is inspired by Bantu, Old Chinese, and the Salish languages.
Todo
- -s: past tense, genitive
- -əσ: some adjectival suffix
- t-...-t for abstract nouns
- -iyad = augmentative
- Reduplication
- relativizer/relative forms for verbs
- m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in Talman Swuntsim ~ Tsimulh?)
- N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. tüdjo
- k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. tjtüdjo
- Work on Talman Swuntsim first
- Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again
- Might not have ejectives
Phylogeny
- Proto-Tsimulh
- Sacred Swuntsim
- Swuntsim (Talman)
- Hetmic
- Pelhyys
- Idosic
- Idosian (tsim > tsam, ido > izu)
- Some retroflexy language - get retros from assimilation to uvulars
- Sacred Swuntsim
Urheimat
Somewhere in Txapoalli
Phonology
Phonotactics
Tsimulh phonotactics is dominated by CV syllables. Coda consonants are only allowed word-finally.
Consonants
A lot of consonants, but no liquids!
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
Stop | plain | p | t | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||
voiced | b | d | g | gʷ | ɢ | ɢʷ | ||||
Affricate | plain | c | ξ | |||||||
voiced | z | |||||||||
Fricative | s | σ | h | |||||||
Approximant | y | w |
Vowels
i u e a į ų ę ą /i u ə a ĩ ũ ə̃ ã/
Tone
Proto-Tsimulh was a tonal language: Every syllable had either high or low tone. The low tone is marked with a grave accent.
Morphology
Nouns
Noun classes
Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
- ʔə́-, pl. cə́- = humans, spirits
- bú-, pl. də́- = animals and other things that move on their own
- pà-, pl. pí- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow, food
- sə̀-, pl. sì- = collections or large things
- sù-, pl. σə́- = roughly round, compact objects
- má-, pl. wə́- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices, food item
- kə̀-, pl. bí- = places, locations, slots
- gú-, pl. nə̀- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
- σí-, pl. wí- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
- tì- = abstractions, manner, way
- t’ímə̀- = infinitives, verbal nouns
- pə̀dá- = -ness, -hood
In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
- Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swuntsim)
- Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Pelhyys)
- Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swuntsim)
- Type D: SG/PL-marking only
- Type E: No concords at all
Cases
- Nominative: -0
- Genitive: -s
Possession
(Same as verbal concord affixes)
- I = kʷə-
- you (sg) = xʷə-
- we = wə-
- you (pl) = cu-
- Noun class prefixes:
- ʔə́-, pl. cə́- = humans, spirits
- bú-, pl. də́- = animals and other things that move on their own
- pà-, pl. xə̀- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
- sə̀-, pl. dú- = collections or large things: scʼaσ 'forest'
- sù-, pl. σə́- = roughly round, compact objects
- má-, pl. wə́- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
- kə̀-, pl. yí- = places, locations, slots
- gú-, pl. nə̀- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
- σí-, pl. wí- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
- tì- = abstractions, manner, way
- t’ímə̀- = infinitives, verbal nouns
- pə̀dá- = -ness, -hood
Verbs
Noun class prefixes
TODO: Some of the class markers should be different from class markers on nouns.
- I = kʷə-
- you (sg) = xʷə-
- we = wə-
- you (pl) = cu-
- Noun class prefixes:
- ʔə́-, pl. cə́- = humans, spirits
- bú-, pl. də́- = animals and other things that move on their own
- pà-, pl. xə̀- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
- sə̀-, pl. dú- = collections or large things: scʼaσ 'forest'
- sù-, pl. σə́- = roughly round, compact objects
- má-, pl. wə́- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
- kə̀-, pl. yí- = places, locations, slots
- gú-, pl. nə̀- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
- σí-, pl. wí- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
- tì- = abstractions, manner, way
- t’ím- = infinitives, verbal nouns
- pə̀dá- = -ness, -hood
Tense affixes
Some verbal infix, like ⟨n⟩
Evidentiality
Numbers
The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
(Sacred Swuntsim)
1: *-an
2: *-xʷiš
3: *-ʔiyəm
4: *-udzuq
5: *-t'uŋ
6: *-čayədz
7: *-buč'əŋ
8: *-gwiməʔ
9: *-anay
10: *-kʷ'in