Linguifex

User:Waahlis/Hrasic: Difference between revisions

User page Discussion

User:Waahlis/Hrasic (view source)

Revision as of 21:48, 4 July 2021

6,766 bytes added ,  4 July 2021
no edit summary
No edit summary
 
(27 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
:'''բրաղա, ող-մօն բոնին-ղոնի!'''
:'''pranga, áng-mon pánin-ngáni!'''
::''Remember: You walk with your feet!''
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Hrasic.png
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Hrasic
|name = Hrasic
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|pronunciation= /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/
|pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚
|region = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|states = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor= [[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br> (Menmer)
|familycolor= Creole
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Menmer languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=latn
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|iso1=hr
|clcr=qhr
|iso2=hr
|iso3=qhr
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}
'''Hrasú múng''', /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
==Background==
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Line 183: Line 189:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|խ}}լո'''
|-
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}lá'''
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}lá'''
|-
|-
Line 205: Line 213:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|խև}}յ'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|խր}}ասվ'''
|-
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|hy}}ó'''
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|hy}}ó'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|hr}}asú'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|hr}}asú'''
Line 274: Line 285:
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Script-->
| colspan="3"| '''խրո{{blue|ն}}ի'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|դ}}իան'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''ոդ{{blue|զ}}ի;'''
!
| colspan="3"|'''մյ{{blue|ղ}}ի'''
|-
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"| '''hrá{{blue|n}}i'''
| colspan="3"| '''hrá{{blue|n}}i'''
Line 604: Line 630:
=====Singulative=====  
=====Singulative=====  
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.


=====Plurative=====
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?'''


====Gender====
!
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.


In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?'''


====Classes====
!
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number.
 
=====I class animate=====
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. This class is the so-called first class animate.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''gúra'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''gur'''
 
!


| colspan="2"|'''gúran'''
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑ/
| colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈgʊr/
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑn/
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 661: Line 671:
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|pig.{{sc|c1.an}}
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


!
!


|pig.{{sc|c1.an}}
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}


!
!


|pig.{{sc|c1.an}}
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}


Line 677: Line 687:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="2"| ''A pig''
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?''


!
!
Line 688: Line 698:
|}
|}


=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.


=====II class animate=====
=====Plurative=====
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|c2.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
====Gender====
|+
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''tiánu'''


!
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.


| colspan="2"|'''etiánu'''
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].


!
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
 
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
| colspan="2"|'''tiánun'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="2"|Case
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪæn/
! colspan="2"|Usage
 
! colspan="2"|Example
!
 
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪæn/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
 
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
|<small>tiánu</small>
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
!
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
 
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>
 
!
 
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>-n</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
|man.{{sc|c2.an}}
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
!
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
 
|-
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
|man.{{sc|c2.an}}
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
 
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
!
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
|man.{{sc|c2.an}}
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
 
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
| colspan="2"| ''A man''
|-
 
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
!
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
 
| colspan="2"|''Man (''humanity'')<br> Men (''as a group'')<br> Two men''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
 
 
=====I class inanimate=====
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|c1.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''hár'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/
| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative
 
| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
|<small>hár</small>
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose.
|wheat.{{sc|c1.inan}}
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic.
!
| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.
 
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement.
|wheat.{{sc|c1.inan}}
| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|wheat.{{sc|c1.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.
 
| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|}
 
 
=====II class inanimate=====
Concerning class 2 inanimate nouns ({{sc|c2.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like class 2 animates.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''achac'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/
| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
 
| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>a-</small>
|<small>chac</small>
 
!
 
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>-ú</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental
|box.{{sc|c2.inan}}
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.
 
|-
!
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.
 
| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|-
|box.{{sc|c2.inan}}
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.
 
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.
!
 
|box.{{sc|c2.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive
 
| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership
| colspan="2"| ''A box''
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
 
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Case
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition
! colspan="2"|Usage
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member
! colspan="2"|Example
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.
| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative
| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
| colspan="2"|Direct address.
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose.
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!
| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic.
| colspan="2"|Exclamation.
| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement.
|}
| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.
 
|-
====Classes====
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number.
| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.
 
=====Animate unmarked collective=====
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''gúra'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''gur'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''gúran'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑ/
|-
 
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
!
| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈgʊr/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑn/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.
 
| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
 
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.
 
| colspan="2"| ''A pig''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition
!{{sc|unm.an}}
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking
!
| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.
! Nominative
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''
|''nara'' ||''nár'' ||''naran''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns
! Accusative
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''
|''naram'' ||''nárim'' ||''narama''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns
! Dative
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.
|''náriy'' ||''nári'' ||''náriyin''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.
|''náriyin'' ||''nárin'' ||''náriyin''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.
|''ínara'' ||''náru'' ||''ínaran''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause
! Semblative
| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.
|''nayar'' ||''náyir'' ||''nayaran''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative
! Vocative
| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.
|''anar'' ||''inár'' ||''naran''
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.
|}
{{Col-end}}
 
=====Animate marked collective=====
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''tiánu'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''etiánu'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''tiánun'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪænʊ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊn/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|Direct address.
 
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!
|<small>tiánu</small>
|-
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.
 
| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.
!
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Exclamation.
|<small>e-</small>
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|<small>tiánu</small>
|-
|}


====Declension====
=====Class II=====
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|-
!<small>2.inan</small>
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
|-
!
!
! <small>singular</small> !! <small>dual</small> !! <small>plural</small>
 
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>-n</small>
|-
|-
! Nominative
<!-- Gloss-->
|''hrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''hrasún''
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
|-
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
! Accusative
|''hrasúm'' ||''ahrasúm'' ||''hrasúm''
|-
! Dative
|''hrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''hrásin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''hrásin'' ||''ehrásin'' ||''hrásin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
|-
! Vocative
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|}


===Pronominal===
!
The Hrasic system of pronouns is vast and irregular, but easily understood. It is split into four parts: The singular, plural, dual, and reflexive. The dual has lost some popularity lately, but it is still used.


*The reflexives are equivalent to English "myself, himself, itself" et cetera. The nominative reflexive on the other hand is an impersonal subject like English "one, they" or "you".
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}


====Formality register====
!


====Singular====
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
====Plural====
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
====Dual====
====Reflexive====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2"|Number→
 
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Singular
 
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural


! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Person→
<!-- Translations -->


!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup>
| colspan="2"| ''A man''


!scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
!


!scope="col" colspan="3" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
| colspan="2"|''Man (''humanity'')<br> Men (''as a group'')<br> Two men''


! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px;"|1<sup>st</sup>
!


!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
 
|}
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective
|-
!{{sc|ma.an}}
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''máng'' ||''emáng'' ||''manga''
|-
! Accusative
|''mángim'' ||''imángim'' ||''mángim''
|-
! Dative
|''mángi'' ||''emángi'' ||''mángin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''mángin'' ||''emángin'' ||''mángin''
|-
! Genitive
|''imáng'' ||''emángi'' ||''imángin''
|-
! Semblative
|''mángir'' ||''emángir'' ||''mángánir''
|-
|-
!Case ↓
! Vocative
|''emáng'' ||''emáng'' ||''emanga''
|}
{{Col-end}}


!Register↓
=====Inanimate unmarked collective=====
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''


!<small>Animate</small>
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''hár'''


!<small>Inanimate</small>
!


!<small>Animate masculine</small>
| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/


!<small>Animate feminine</small>
!


!<small>Inanimate</small>
| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/


!<small>Exclusive</small>
!


!<small>Inclusive</small>
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Nominative
<!-- Morphemes-->


!<small>Informal</small>
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-a</small>


|''ác''
!


|''tou''
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


|''ta''
!


|''guo''
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


|''gá''
!


|''gi''


|''muo''
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}


|''yeu''
!


|''sóm''
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}


| rowspan="2"|''gán''
| rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
<!-- Translations -->


|''eu''
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''


|''thau''
!


|''tha''
| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''


|colspan="3"|''hám''
!


|''eun''
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
 
|}
|''yám''
{{Col-n|2}}
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|''than''
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
|-
!{{sc|unm.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''pana'' ||''pán'' ||''panan''
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Accusative
! Accusative
 
|''panam'' ||''pánim'' ||''panama''
!<small>Informal</small>
|-
 
! Dative
|''me''
|''pániy'' ||''páni'' ||''pániyin''
 
|-
|''tum''
! Instrumental
|''pániyin'' ||''pánin'' ||''pániyin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ípana'' ||''pánu'' ||''ípanan''
|-
! Semblative
|''panar'' ||''pánir'' ||''pánánir''
|-
! Vocative
|''apan'' ||''ipán'' ||''panan''
|}
{{Col-end}}


|''tam''
=====Inanimate marked collective=====
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''


|''gum''
!


|''gám''
| colspan="2"|'''achac'''


|''gin''
!


|''muon''
| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/


|''áyim''
!


|''tám''
| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/


| rowspan="2"|''hám''
!


| rowspan="2"|''ngám''
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
<!-- Morphemes-->


|''eumi''
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


|''thaun''
!


|''thumá''
|<small>a-</small>
|<small>chac</small>


|colspan="3"|''gihám''
!


|''eun''
|<small>chac</small>
 
|<small>-ú</small>
|''yeumi''
 
|''thaun''
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Dative
<!-- Gloss-->
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


!<small>Informal</small>
!


|''áci''
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}


|colspan="2"|''tei''
!


|colspan="2"|''gei''
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}


|''gi''
|-
<!-- Translations -->


|''moi''
| colspan="2"| ''A box''


|''yi''
!


|''sói''
| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''


|''gái''
!


| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ángi''
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
{{col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate marked collective
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
 
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
|''eumi''
 
|''thaun''
 
|''thumá''
 
|colspan="3"|''gihám''
 
|''eun''
 
|''yeumi''
 
|''thaun''
 
|''hám''
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Instrumental
!
 
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dualcollective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
!<small>Informal</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''hrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''hrasún''
|-
! Accusative
|''hrasúm'' ||''ahrasúm'' ||''hrasúm''
|-
! Dative
|''hrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''hrásin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''hrásin'' ||''ehrásin'' ||''hrásin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
|-
! Semblative
|''hrasúr'' ||''ahrasúr'' ||''hrasúnir''
|-
! Vocative
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|}
{{Col-end}}


|''min''
===Pronominal===
The Hrasic system of pronouns is vast and irregular, but easily understood. It is split into four parts: The singular, plural, dual, and reflexive. The dual has lost some popularity lately, but it is still used.


|''toun''
*The reflexives are equivalent to English "myself, himself, itself" et cetera. The nominative reflexive on the other hand is an impersonal subject like English "one, they" or "you".


|''tin''
====Formality register====
 
====Singular====
====Plural====
====Dual====
====Reflexive====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2"|Number→


|''guon''
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Singular


|''gán''
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural


|''gin''
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2"|Person→


|''muon''
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup>


|''yan''
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>


|''sómin''
!scope="col" colspan="3" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>


|''ginin''
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px;"|1<sup>st</sup>


| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngán''
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
 
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
!Case ↓


|''eun''
!Register↓


|''thaun''
!<small>Animate</small>


|''than''
!<small>Inanimate</small>


|colspan="3"|''gihin''
!<small>Animate masculine</small>


|''nin''
!<small>Animate feminine</small>


|''yeun''
!<small>Inanimate</small>


|''thán''
!<small>Exclusive</small>


|''hámin''
!<small>Inclusive</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Genitive
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Nominative


!<small>Informal</small>
!<small>Informal</small>


|''áci''
|''ác''


|colspan="2"|''ti''
|''tou''
 
|''ta''


|''íguo''
|''guo''


|''igá''
|''gá''


|''gi''
|''gi''


|''mi''
|''muo''


| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yáni''
|''yeu''


|''sómi''
|''sóm''


|rowspan="2"|''gáni''
| rowspan="2"|''gán''


|rowspan="2"|''ngáni''
| rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
!<small>Formal</small>


|''máni''
|''eu''


|''tuni''
|''thau''


|''táni''
|''tha''


|colspan="3"|''gáni''
|colspan="3"|''hám''


|''móni''
|''eun''
 
|''yám''


|''tháni''
|''than''
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Semblative
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Accusative


!<small>Informal</small>
!<small>Informal</small>


|''aca''
|''me''


|''tuci''
|''tum''


|''táci''
|''tam''


|''guci''
|''gum''


|''gáci''
|''gám''


|''gici''
|''gin''


|''muci''
|''muon''


|''yáci''
|''áyim''


|''sómic''
|''tám''


|''gánic''
| rowspan="2"|''hám''


| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngánic''
| rowspan="2"|''ngám''
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
!<small>Formal</small>


|''euci''
|''eumi''


|colspan="2"|''tháci''
|''thaun''


|''hómic''
|''thumá''


|''hámic''
|colspan="3"|''gihám''


|''gimic''
|''eun''


|''eunic''
|''yeumi''


|''yeuci''
|''thaun''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Dative


|''thánic''
!<small>Informal</small>


|''gánic''
|''áci''
|-
! rowspan="2"|Vocative


!<small>Informal</small>
|colspan="2"|''tei''


|''áhac''
|colspan="2"|''gei''


|''atuo''
|''gi''


|''ata''
|''moi''


|''aguo''
|''yi''


|''aga''
|''sói''


|''ági''
|''gái''


|''amuo''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ángi''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>


|''áyim''
|''eumi''


|''ásóme''
|''thaun''
 
 
|''ágáne''
|''thumá''
 
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
|colspan="3"|''gihám''
|-
 
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eun''
 
 
|''heu''
|''yeumi''
 
 
|''ehtau''
|''thaun''
 
 
|''ehta''
|''hám''
 
|-
|''heguo''
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Instrumental
 
!<small>Informal</small>
 
|''min''
 
|''toun''
 
|''tin''
 
|''guon''
 
|''gán''
 
|''gin''
 
|''muon''
 
|''yan''
 
|''sómin''
 
|''ginin''
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngán''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
 
|''eun''
 
|''thaun''
 
|''than''
 
|colspan="3"|''gihin''
 
|''nin''
 
|''yeun''
 
|''thán''
 
|''hámin''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Genitive
 
!<small>Informal</small>
 
|''áci''
 
|colspan="2"|''ti''
 
|''íguo''
 
|''igá''
 
|''gi''
 
|''mi''
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yáni''
 
|''sómi''
 
|rowspan="2"|''gáni''
 
|rowspan="2"|''ngáni''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
 
|''máni''
 
|''tuni''
 
|''táni''
 
|colspan="3"|''gáni''
 
|''móni''
 
|''tháni''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Semblative
 
!<small>Informal</small>
 
|''ar''
 
|''tur''
 
|''tar''
 
|''guri''
 
|''gári''
 
|''giri''
 
|''muri''
 
|''yári''
 
|''sómir''
 
|''gánir''
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngánir''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
 
|''eur''
 
|colspan="2"|''tháci''
 
|''hómir''
 
|''hámir''
 
|''gimir''
 
|''eunir''
 
|''yeuri''
 
|''thánir''
 
|''gánir''
|-
! rowspan="2"|Vocative
 
!<small>Informal</small>
 
|''áhac''
 
|''atuo''
 
|''ata''
 
|''aguo''
 
|''aga''
 
|''ági''
 
|''amuo''
 
|''áyim''
 
|''ásóme''
 
|''ágáne''
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtau''
 
|''ehta''
 
|''heguo''
 
|''hegá''
 
|''hegi''
 
|''heun''
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtan''
 
|''hegán''
|}
 
 
===Verbal===
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].
 
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations.
 
====Active====
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Active
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-n''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-at''
| rowspan="2"|''-nga''
|-
!Inceptive
|''ha-''
|''há-ngi''
|''ha-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''nge-''
|''ngi-''
|''-ngat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-shi''
| ''-ngzi''
| ''-it''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nguo''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-nguat''
| ''-nguas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
 
 
====Passive====
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Passive
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-nda /- ndi''
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir''
| ''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"|''-nda''
|-
!Inceptive
|''hua-''
|''huá-ndir''
|''hua-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''ye-''
|''yua-''
|''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-iy''
| ''-nthi''
| ''-ndit''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nduo''
| ''-iy''
| ''-mbat''
| ''-mbas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}


|''hegá''
====Reciprocal====
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.


|''hegi''
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending.
 
|''heun''
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtan''
 
|''hegán''
|}


==Sample phrases==
==Sample phrases==
Line 1,410: Line 1,721:
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/7510...230161"