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:'''բրաղա, ող-մօն բոնին-ղոնի!''' | |||
:'''pranga, áng-mon pánin-ngáni!''' | |||
::''Remember: You walk with your feet!'' | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = Hrasic.png | |image = Hrasic.png | ||
Line 4: | Line 9: | ||
|name = Hrasic | |name = Hrasic | ||
|nativename = Hrasú múng | |nativename = Hrasú múng | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚ | ||
| | |setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]] | ||
| | |nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]] | ||
|speakers = 301,486 | |speakers = 301,486 | ||
|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
Line 12: | Line 17: | ||
|family=Menmer languages | |family=Menmer languages | ||
|ancestor=Proto-Men | |ancestor=Proto-Men | ||
| | |script1=latn | ||
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi | |agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi | ||
| | |clcr=qhr | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
|creator=User:Waahlis | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | '''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | ||
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world. | The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world. | ||
Line 626: | Line 630: | ||
=====Singulative===== | =====Singulative===== | ||
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="2"|''' | | colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|''' | | colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|''' | | colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 699: | Line 687: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| '' | | colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?'' | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 710: | Line 698: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Dual-collective===== | |||
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural. It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts. | |||
===== | =====Plurative===== | ||
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does. | |||
====Gender==== | |||
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. | |||
| | In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. | ||
====Case==== | |||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | |||
| | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Hrasic cases''' | |||
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Case | |||
! colspan="2"|Usage | |||
! colspan="2"|Example | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative | |||
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma. | |||
| | | colspan="2"|The '''dog''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient. | |||
| | | colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites. | ||
| - | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell. | |||
|- | |||
| | | colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient. | ||
|man. | | colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative | |||
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb. | |||
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man''' | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"|' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time. | |||
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements. | |||
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|To mark location. | |||
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions. | |||
|'' | | colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative | ||
|'' | | colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb. | ||
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose. | |||
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic. | |||
|'' | | colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement. | |||
|'' | | colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause. | |||
| | | colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession. | |||
|'' | | colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions. | |||
| | | colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''. | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action. | |||
= | | colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''. | ||
| | |||
| colspan="2"|''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions. | |||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''. | ||
| colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action. | |||
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive | |||
| | | colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership | ||
| | | colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone | ||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member | |||
|- | |||
| | | colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking | ||
| - | | colspan="2"|Go without '''me''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns. | |||
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house''' | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"|' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns | |||
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns | |||
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns. | |||
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause | |||
| | | colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause | |||
| | | colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative | ||
|'' | | colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives. | ||
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''. | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials. | |||
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative | ||
| | | colspan="2"|Direct address. | ||
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address. | |||
| | | colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|Exclamation. | |||
|'' | | colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''! | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===== | ====Classes==== | ||
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number. | |||
{{ | |||
{{ | =====Animate unmarked collective===== | ||
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}). | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-n|2}} | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="2"|''' | | colspan="2"|'''gúra''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|''' | | colspan="2"|'''gur''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|''' | | colspan="2"|'''gúran''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/ˈgʊr/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑn/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>gur</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-a</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>gur</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>gur</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-an</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | ||
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | | -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| {{sc| | |pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | ||
| | | -{{sc|nom.dc.}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | ||
| -{{sc|nom.pl}} | | -{{sc|nom.pl.}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| ''A | | colspan="2"| ''A pig'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|'' | | colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|'' | | colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of '' | |+'''Declension of ''nara''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="4"| | ! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective | ||
|- | |- | ||
!{{sc| | !{{sc|unm.an}} | ||
! colspan="3"|'' | ! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small> | ! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
|'' | |''nara'' ||''nár'' ||''naran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
|'' | |''naram'' ||''nárim'' ||''narama'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
|'' | |''náriy'' ||''nári'' ||''náriyin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
|'' | |''náriyin'' ||''nárin'' ||''náriyin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
|'' | |''ínara'' ||''náru'' ||''ínaran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
|'' | |''nayar'' ||''náyir'' ||''nayaran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
|'' | |''anar'' ||''inár'' ||''naran'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
==== | =====Animate marked collective===== | ||
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-n|2}} | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="2"|'''tiánu''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''etiánu''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''tiánun''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
! colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊ/ | ||
! colspan="2"| | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪænʊ/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊn/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
| | |||
| | |<small>tiánu</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>e-</small> | |||
|<small>tiánu</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>tiánu</small> | |||
|<small>-n</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |man.{{sc|ma.an}} | ||
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | |||
! | |||
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}- | |||
|man.{{sc|ma.an}} | |||
! | |||
|man.{{sc|ma.an}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.pl}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"| ''A man'' | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"| | ! | ||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|''Man (''humanity'')<br> Men (''as a group'')<br> Two men'' | |||
| | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|''Men; several'' | |||
|} | |||
{{Col-n|2}} | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+'''Declension of ''máng''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{sc|ma.an}} | ||
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | |||
| | |''máng'' ||''emáng'' ||''manga'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Accusative | ||
| | |''mángim'' ||''imángim'' ||''mángim'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | |||
| | |''mángi'' ||''emángi'' ||''mángin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | |||
| | |''mángin'' ||''emángin'' ||''mángin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | |||
| | |''imáng'' ||''emángi'' ||''imángin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Semblative | ||
| | |''mángir'' ||''emángir'' ||''mángánir'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | |||
| | |''emáng'' ||''emáng'' ||''emanga'' | ||
| | |} | ||
| | {{Col-end}} | ||
| colspan="2"| | |||
=====Inanimate unmarked collective===== | |||
! | The first class of inanimates ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]]. | ||
| colspan="2"| | {{Col-begin}} | ||
| colspan="2"| | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="2"|'''hara''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''hár''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''haran''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/ | ||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
| | |||
|- | |<small>hár</small> | ||
! | |<small>-a</small> | ||
| | |||
| | ! | ||
|<small>hár</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>hár</small> | |||
|<small>-an</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}} | ||
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | |||
| | |||
| | ! | ||
| | |||
| | |wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}} | ||
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}} | |||
! | |||
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.pl}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat'' | |||
|} | |||
{{Col-n|2}} | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+'''Declension of ''pana''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{sc|unm.inan}} | ||
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| | |''pana'' ||''pán'' ||''panan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Accusative | ||
| | |''panam'' ||''pánim'' ||''panama'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | |||
| | |''pániy'' ||''páni'' ||''pániyin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Instrumental | ||
| | |''pániyin'' ||''pánin'' ||''pániyin'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| | |''ípana'' ||''pánu'' ||''ípanan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | |||
| | |''panar'' ||''pánir'' ||''pánánir'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | |||
|''apan'' ||''ipán'' ||''panan'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-end}} | |||
==== | =====Inanimate marked collective===== | ||
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates. | |||
{| class=" | {{Col-begin}} | ||
|+''' | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
! | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="2"|'''chac''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''achac''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''chacú''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/ | |||
! | ! | ||
= | | colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/ | ||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/ | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>chac</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small> | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|<small>a-</small> | |||
|<small>chac</small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small>chac</small> | |||
|<small>-ú</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | |||
! | ! | ||
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}- | |||
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}} | |||
! | ! | ||
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.pl}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| ''A box'' | |||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes'' | |||
! | ! | ||
!<small> | | colspan="2"|''Boxes; several'' | ||
|} | |||
!<small> | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | |||
!<small> | |+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | ||
|- | |||
! | ! colspan="4"|Inanimate marked collective | ||
|- | |||
!{{sc|ma.inan}} | |||
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dualcollective</small> !! <small>plurative</small> | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
|''hrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''hrasún'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
|''hrasúm'' ||''ahrasúm'' ||''hrasúm'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Dative | ||
|''hrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''hrásin'' | |||
! | |- | ||
! Instrumental | |||
|'' | |''hrásin'' ||''ehrásin'' ||''hrásin'' | ||
|- | |||
|'' | ! Genitive | ||
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin'' | |||
|'' | |- | ||
! Semblative | |||
|'' | |''hrasúr'' ||''ahrasúr'' ||''hrasúnir'' | ||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún'' | |||
|} | |||
{{Col-end}} | |||
===Pronominal=== | |||
The Hrasic system of pronouns is vast and irregular, but easily understood. It is split into four parts: The singular, plural, dual, and reflexive. The dual has lost some popularity lately, but it is still used. | |||
*The reflexives are equivalent to English "myself, himself, itself" et cetera. The nominative reflexive on the other hand is an impersonal subject like English "one, they" or "you". | |||
====Formality register==== | |||
| | ====Singular==== | ||
====Plural==== | |||
| | ====Dual==== | ||
====Reflexive==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Number→ | |||
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Singular | |||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural | |||
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2"|Person→ | ||
| | !scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup> | ||
| | !scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup> | ||
| | !scope="col" colspan="3" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup> | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px;"|1<sup>st</sup> | |||
| | !scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup> | ||
| | !scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup> | ||
|- | |||
!Case ↓ | |||
!Register↓ | |||
! | |||
!<small> | !<small>Animate</small> | ||
!<small>Inanimate</small> | |||
!<small>Animate masculine</small> | |||
!<small>Animate feminine</small> | |||
!<small>Inanimate</small> | |||
!<small>Exclusive</small> | |||
| | !<small>Inclusive</small> | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Nominative | |||
!<small>Informal</small> | |||
|'' | |''ác'' | ||
|'' | |''tou'' | ||
|''ta'' | |||
|''guo'' | |||
|'' | |''gá'' | ||
|'' | |''gi'' | ||
|'' | |''muo'' | ||
|''yeu'' | |||
|'' | |''sóm'' | ||
|'' | | rowspan="2"|''gán'' | ||
|'' | | rowspan="2"|''áng'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>Formal</small> | ||
|''eu'' | |||
|'' | |''thau'' | ||
|''tha'' | |||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"|''hám'' | ||
|'' | |''eun'' | ||
|'' | |''yám'' | ||
|'' | |''than'' | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Accusative | |||
!<small>Informal</small> | |||
|'' | |''me'' | ||
|''tum'' | |||
|'' | |''tam'' | ||
|'' | |''gum'' | ||
|'' | |''gám'' | ||
|''gin'' | |||
|'' | |''muon'' | ||
|''áyim'' | |||
|'' | |''tám'' | ||
|'' | | rowspan="2"|''hám'' | ||
|'' | | rowspan="2"|''ngám'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>Formal</small> | ||
|''eumi'' | |||
|'' | |''thaun'' | ||
|'' | |''thumá'' | ||
|'' | |colspan="3"|''gihám'' | ||
|'' | |''eun'' | ||
|'' | |''yeumi'' | ||
|'' | |''thaun'' | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Dative | |||
!<small>Informal</small> | |||
|''áci'' | |||
|colspan="2"|''tei'' | |||
|colspan="2"|''gei'' | |||
|''gi'' | |||
|'' | |''moi'' | ||
|'' | |''yi'' | ||
|'' | |''sói'' | ||
|'' | |''gái'' | ||
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|'' | | colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ángi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Formal</small> | !<small>Formal</small> | ||
|'' | |''eumi'' | ||
|''thaun'' | |''thaun'' | ||
|'' | |''thumá'' | ||
|colspan="3"|'' | |colspan="3"|''gihám'' | ||
|'' | |''eun'' | ||
|'' | |''yeumi'' | ||
|'' | |''thaun'' | ||
|'' | |''hám'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Instrumental | ||
!<small>Informal</small> | !<small>Informal</small> | ||
|'' | |''min'' | ||
|''toun'' | |||
|'' | |''tin'' | ||
|'' | |''guon'' | ||
|'' | |''gán'' | ||
|'' | |''gin'' | ||
|''muon'' | |||
|'' | |''yan'' | ||
| | |''sómin'' | ||
|''ginin'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|'' | | colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngán'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Formal</small> | !<small>Formal</small> | ||
|'' | |''eun'' | ||
|''thaun'' | |||
|''than'' | |||
|'' | |colspan="3"|''gihin'' | ||
|'' | |''nin'' | ||
|''yeun'' | |||
|'' | |''thán'' | ||
|'' | |''hámin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Genitive | ||
!<small>Informal</small> | !<small>Informal</small> | ||
|'' | |''áci'' | ||
|'' | |colspan="2"|''ti'' | ||
|'' | |''íguo'' | ||
|'' | |''igá'' | ||
|'' | |''gi'' | ||
|'' | |''mi'' | ||
|'' | | colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yáni'' | ||
|'' | |''sómi'' | ||
|'' | |rowspan="2"|''gáni'' | ||
| | |rowspan="2"|''ngáni'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Formal</small> | !<small>Formal</small> | ||
|'' | |''máni'' | ||
|''tuni'' | |||
|'' | |''táni'' | ||
|'' | |colspan="3"|''gáni'' | ||
|'' | |''móni'' | ||
|'' | |''tháni'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Semblative | ||
!<small>Informal</small> | !<small>Informal</small> | ||
|'' | |''ar'' | ||
|''tur'' | |||
|'' | |''tar'' | ||
|'' | |''guri'' | ||
|'' | |''gári'' | ||
|'' | |''giri'' | ||
|'' | |''muri'' | ||
|''amuo'' | |''yári'' | ||
|''sómir'' | |||
|''gánir'' | |||
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngánir'' | |||
|- | |||
!<small>Formal</small> | |||
|''eur'' | |||
|colspan="2"|''tháci'' | |||
|''hómir'' | |||
|''hámir'' | |||
|''gimir'' | |||
|''eunir'' | |||
|''yeuri'' | |||
|''thánir'' | |||
|''gánir'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Vocative | |||
!<small>Informal</small> | |||
|''áhac'' | |||
|''atuo'' | |||
|''ata'' | |||
|''aguo'' | |||
|''aga'' | |||
|''ági'' | |||
|''amuo'' | |||
|''áyim'' | |''áyim'' | ||
|''ásóme'' | |''ásóme'' | ||
|''ágáne'' | |''ágáne'' | ||
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng'' | | colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Formal</small> | !<small>Formal</small> | ||
|''heu'' | |''heu'' | ||
|''ehtau'' | |''ehtau'' | ||
|''ehta'' | |||
|''heguo'' | |||
|''hegá'' | |||
|''hegi'' | |||
|''heun'' | |||
|''heu'' | |||
|''ehtan'' | |||
|''hegán'' | |||
|} | |||
===Verbal=== | |||
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]]. | |||
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations. | |||
====Active==== | |||
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="9"|Active | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect | |||
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!Perfective | |||
| ''-n'' | |||
| ''-ngi'' | |||
| ''-at'' | |||
| rowspan="2"|''-nga'' | |||
|- | |||
!Inceptive | |||
|''ha-'' | |||
|''há-ngi'' | |||
|''ha-at'' | |||
|- | |||
!Cessative | |||
|''nge-'' | |||
|''ngi-'' | |||
|''-ngat'' | |||
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Causative | |||
| ''-shi'' | |||
| ''-ngzi'' | |||
| ''-it'' | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
| ''-nguo'' | |||
| ''-ngi'' | |||
| ''-nguat'' | |||
| ''-nguas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Iterative | |||
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | |||
|} | |||
====Passive==== | |||
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="9"|Passive | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect | |||
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!Perfective | |||
| ''-nda /- ndi'' | |||
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir'' | |||
| ''-ndat'' | |||
| rowspan="2"|''-nda'' | |||
|- | |||
!Inceptive | |||
|''hua-'' | |||
|''huá-ndir'' | |||
|''hua-at'' | |||
|- | |||
!Cessative | |||
|''ye-'' | |||
|''yua-'' | |||
|''-ndat'' | |||
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Causative | |||
| ''-iy'' | |||
| ''-nthi'' | |||
| ''-ndit'' | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
| ''-nduo'' | |||
| ''-iy'' | |||
| ''-mbat'' | |||
| ''-mbas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Iterative | |||
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | |||
|} | |||
====Reciprocal==== | |||
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other. | |||
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending. | |||
==Sample phrases== | ==Sample phrases== | ||
Line 1,538: | Line 1,721: | ||
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.'' | *''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]] |