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:'''բրաղա, ող-մօն բոնին-ղոնի!'''
:'''pranga, áng-mon pánin-ngáni!'''
::''Remember: You walk with your feet!''
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Hrasic.png
|image = Hrasic.png
Line 4: Line 9:
|name = Hrasic
|name = Hrasic
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|pronunciation= /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/
|pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚
|region = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|states = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
Line 12: Line 17:
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Menmer languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=latn
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|iso1=hr
|clcr=qhr
|iso2=hr
|iso3=qhr
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
==Background==
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Line 626: Line 630:
=====Singulative=====  
=====Singulative=====  
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
=====Plurative=====
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
====Gender====
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.


In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
====Classes====
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number.
=====Animate unmarked collective=====
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''gúra'''
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''gur'''
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''gúran'''
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑ/
| colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈgʊr/
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑn/
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
Line 700: Line 687:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="2"| ''A pig''
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?''


!
!
Line 710: Line 697:
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
=====Dual-collective=====
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
 
=====Plurative=====
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
 
====Gender====
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
 
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
 
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
! colspan="2"|Case
! colspan="2"|Usage
! colspan="2"|Example
|-
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|-
|-
!
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|-
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
|''nara'' ||''nár'' ||''naran''
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
|-
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
|''naram'' ||''nárim'' ||''narama''
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
|-
|-
! Dative
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
|''náriy'' ||''nári'' ||''náriyin''
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
|''náriyin'' ||''nárin'' ||''náriyin''
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
|''ínara'' ||''náru'' ||''ínaran''
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
|-
|-
! Semblative
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
|''nayar'' ||''náyir'' ||''nayaran''
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
|-
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
|''anar'' ||''inár'' ||''naran''
| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.
|}
{{Col-end}}
 
=====Animate marked collective=====
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''tiánu'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''etiánu'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''tiánun'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊ/
| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
 
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen
!
 
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪænʊ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose.
 
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>
 
!
 
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>-n</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic.
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement.
!
| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.
 
|-
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.
 
!
 
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.
 
| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.
| colspan="2"| ''A man''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Man (''humanity'')<br> Men (''as a group'')<br> Two men''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
|-
|-
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.
|-
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.
| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.
|-
|-
!
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.
|-
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.
|''máng'' ||''imáng'' ||''manga''
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.
|-
|-
! Accusative
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive
|''mángim'' ||''imángim'' ||''mángim''
| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member
|-
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking
|''mángi'' ||''emángi'' ||''mángin''
| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.
|''mángin'' ||''emángin'' ||''mángin''
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns
|''imáng'' ||''emángi'' ||''imángin''
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''
|-
|-
! Semblative
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns
|''mángir'' ||''emángir'' ||''mángánir''
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.
|-
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.
|''emáng'' ||''emáng'' ||''emanga''
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.
|}
|-
{{Col-end}}
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause
 
| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.
=====Inanimate unmarked collective=====
|-
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause
{{Col-begin}}
| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.
{{Col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''hár'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/
| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.
 
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.
!
|-
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative
| colspan="2"|Direct address.
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!
|-
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.
| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Exclamation.
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|-
|}


| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/
====Classes====
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number.


!
=====Animate unmarked collective=====
 
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
{{col-begin}}
|-
{{col-n|2}}
<!-- Morphemes-->
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
 
|+
|<small>hár</small>
<!-- Sentence -->
|<small>-a</small>
| colspan="2"|'''gúra'''


!
!


|<small>hár</small>
| colspan="2"|'''gur'''
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!


|<small>hár</small>
| colspan="2"|'''gúran'''
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑ/
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


!
!


 
| colspan="2"|/ˈgʊr/
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}


!
!


|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑn/
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->


|-
|<small>gur</small>
<!-- Translations -->
|<small>-a</small>
 
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|<small>gur</small>
|}
|<small>-an</small>
{{Col-2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
!
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
 
|-
|-
! Nominative
<!-- Translations -->
|''pana'' ||''pán'' ||''panan''
 
| colspan="2"| ''A pig''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
|''panam'' ||''pánim'' ||''panama''
|-
!{{sc|unm.an}}
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''nara'' ||''nár'' ||''naran''
|-
! Accusative
|''naram'' ||''nárim'' ||''narama''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
|''pániy'' ||''páni'' ||''pániyin''
|''náriy'' ||''nári'' ||''náriyin''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
|''pániyin'' ||''pánin'' ||''pániyin''
|''náriyin'' ||''nárin'' ||''náriyin''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|''ípana'' ||''pánu'' ||''ípanan''
|''ínara'' ||''náru'' ||''ínaran''
|-
|-
! Semblative
! Semblative
|''panar'' ||''pánir'' ||''pánánir''
|''nayar'' ||''náyir'' ||''nayaran''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|''apan'' ||''ipán'' ||''panan''
|''anar'' ||''inár'' ||''naran''
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}


=====Inanimate marked collective=====
=====Animate marked collective=====
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
{{Col-begin}}  
{{col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''
| colspan="2"|'''tiánu'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''achac'''
| colspan="2"|'''etiánu'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
| colspan="2"|'''tiánun'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪænʊ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>chac</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!


|<small>a-</small>
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>


!
!


|<small>chac</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>-ú</small>
|<small>-n</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


Line 1,006: Line 986:


| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}


!
!


|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}


Line 1,016: Line 996:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="2"| ''A box''
| colspan="2"| ''A man''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''
| colspan="2"|''Man (''humanity'')<br> Men (''as a group'')<br> Two men''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
|-
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate marked collective
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective
|-
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
!{{sc|ma.an}}
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother
|-
|-
!
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dualcollective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
|''hrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''hrasún''
|''máng'' ||''emáng'' ||''manga''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
|''hrasúm'' ||''ahrasúm'' ||''hrasúm''
|''mángim'' ||''imángim'' ||''mángim''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
|''hrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''hrásin''
|''mángi'' ||''emángi'' ||''mángin''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
|''hrásin'' ||''ehrásin'' ||''hrásin''
|''mángin'' ||''emángin'' ||''mángin''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
|''imáng'' ||''emángi'' ||''imángin''
|-
|-
! Semblative
! Semblative
|''hrasúr'' ||''ahrasúr'' ||''hrasúnir''
|''mángir'' ||''emángir'' ||''mángánir''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|''emáng'' ||''emáng'' ||''emanga''
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}


====Case====
=====Inanimate unmarked collective=====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''hár'''
 
!


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Case
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="2"|Usage
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/
! colspan="2"|Example
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
 
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
 
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
 
|-
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
 
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
!
|-
 
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
 
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
!{{sc|unm.inan}}
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
!
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
! Nominative
| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.
|''pana'' ||''pán'' ||''panan''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative
! Accusative
| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
|''panam'' ||''pánim'' ||''panama''
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose.
! Dative
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!
|''pániy'' ||''páni'' ||''pániyin''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic.
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.
|''pániyin'' ||''pánin'' ||''pániyin''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement.
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.
|''ípana'' ||''pánu'' ||''ípanan''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.
! Semblative
| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.
|''panar'' ||''pánir'' ||''pánánir''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.
! Vocative
| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.
|''apan'' ||''ipán'' ||''panan''
|-
|}
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
{{Col-end}}
| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.
 
=====Inanimate marked collective=====
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''achac'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/
| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.
 
|-
!
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.
 
| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.
| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.
 
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>a-</small>
|<small>chac</small>
 
!
 
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>-ú</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
 
!
 
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member
 
|-
| colspan="2"| ''A box''
| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking
 
| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''
!
|-
 
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.
| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
{{col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns
! colspan="4"|Inanimate marked collective
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.
!
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dualcollective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause
! Nominative
| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.
|''hrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''hrasún''
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause
! Accusative
| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.
|''hrasúm'' ||''ahrasúm'' ||''hrasúm''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative
! Dative
| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.
|''hrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''hrásin''
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.
|''hrásin'' ||''ehrásin'' ||''hrásin''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|Direct address.
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.
! Semblative
| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.
|''hrasúr'' ||''ahrasúr'' ||''hrasúnir''
|-
| colspan="2"|Exclamation.
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|-
|-
! Vocative
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}


===Pronominal===
===Pronominal===
Line 1,505: Line 1,577:
|''áyim''
|''áyim''


|''ásóme''
|''ásóme''
 
 
|''ágáne''
|''ágáne''
 
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
!<small>Formal</small>
 
 
|''heu''
|''heu''
 
 
|''ehtau''
|''ehtau''
 
|''ehta''
 
|''heguo''
 
|''hegá''
 
|''hegi''
 
|''heun''
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtan''
 
|''hegán''
|}
 
 
===Verbal===
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].
 
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations.
 
====Active====
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Active
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-n''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-at''
| rowspan="2"|''-nga''
|-
!Inceptive
|''ha-''
|''há-ngi''
|''ha-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''nge-''
|''ngi-''
|''-ngat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-shi''
| ''-ngzi''
| ''-it''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nguo''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-nguat''
| ''-nguas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
 
 
====Passive====
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Passive
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-nda /- ndi''
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir''
| ''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"|''-nda''
|-
!Inceptive
|''hua-''
|''huá-ndir''
|''hua-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''ye-''
|''yua-''
|''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-iy''
| ''-nthi''
| ''-ndit''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nduo''
| ''-iy''
| ''-mbat''
| ''-mbas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
 
====Reciprocal====
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.


|''ehta''
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending.
 
|''heguo''
 
|''hegá''
 
|''hegi''
 
|''heun''
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtan''
 
|''hegán''
|}


==Sample phrases==
==Sample phrases==
Line 1,539: Line 1,721:
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
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