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|name = Hrasic | |name = Hrasic | ||
|nativename = Hrasú múng | |nativename = Hrasú múng | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚ | ||
| | |setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]] | ||
| | |nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]] | ||
|speakers = 301,486 | |speakers = 301,486 | ||
|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
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|family=Menmer languages | |family=Menmer languages | ||
|ancestor=Proto-Men | |ancestor=Proto-Men | ||
| | |script1=latn | ||
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi | |agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi | ||
| | |clcr=qhr | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
|creator=User:Waahlis | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | '''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | ||
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=====Singulative===== | =====Singulative===== | ||
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | ||
== | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
! colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/ | ||
! colspan="2"| | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
| | |||
| | |<small>gur</small> | ||
|<small>-a</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>gur</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>gur</small> | |||
|<small>-an</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | ||
|- | | -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | ||
| | |||
| | ! | ||
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}} | |||
! | |||
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?'' | |||
! colspan="2 | |||
| | ! | ||
| | |||
|- | | colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs'' | ||
| | |||
| | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | |||
|} | |||
=====Dual-collective===== | |||
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural. It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts. | |||
=====Plurative===== | |||
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does. | |||
====Gender==== | |||
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. | |||
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. | |||
====Case==== | |||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+'''Hrasic cases''' | |||
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| | ! colspan="2"|Case | ||
! colspan="2"|Usage | |||
! colspan="2"|Example | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"|To mark location. | ! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative | ||
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites. | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell. | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man. | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative | |||
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb. | |||
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time. | |||
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements. | |||
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''. | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|To mark location. | |||
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''. | | colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}). | In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}). | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | | colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''nara''''' | |+'''Declension of ''nara''''' | ||
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Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead. | Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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| colspan="2"|''Men; several'' | | colspan="2"|''Men; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''máng''''' | |+'''Declension of ''máng''''' | ||
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The first class of inanimates ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]]. | The first class of inanimates ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]]. | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
Line 1,045: | Line 1,112: | ||
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat'' | | colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''pana''''' | |+'''Declension of ''pana''''' | ||
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Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates. | Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates. | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{ | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
Line 1,150: | Line 1,217: | ||
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several'' | | colspan="2"|''Boxes; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{ | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | |+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | ||
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===Verbal=== | ===Verbal=== | ||
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]]. | The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]]. | ||
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations. | |||
====Active==== | |||
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="9"| | ! colspan="9"|Active | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect | ||
Line 1,557: | Line 1,630: | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
!Perfective | !Perfective | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-n'' | ||
| ''-ngi'' | | ''-ngi'' | ||
| ''-at'' | | ''-at'' | ||
| ''-nga'' | | rowspan="2"|''-nga'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Inceptive | !Inceptive | ||
|''ha-'' | |''ha-'' | ||
|''há-'' | |''há-ngi'' | ||
|''ha-at'' | |''ha-at'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Cessative | !Cessative | ||
Line 1,572: | Line 1,644: | ||
|''ngi-'' | |''ngi-'' | ||
|''-ngat'' | |''-ngat'' | ||
|'' | | rowspan="2"| ''-ngas'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Causative | !Causative | ||
Line 1,578: | Line 1,650: | ||
| ''-ngzi'' | | ''-ngzi'' | ||
| ''-it'' | | ''-it'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Imperfective | !Imperfective | ||
Line 1,589: | Line 1,660: | ||
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | | colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Passive==== | |||
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="9"|Passive | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect | |||
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive | |||
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!Perfective | |||
| ''-nda /- ndi'' | |||
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir'' | |||
| ''-ndat'' | |||
| rowspan="2"|''-nda'' | |||
|- | |||
!Inceptive | |||
|''hua-'' | |||
|''huá-ndir'' | |||
|''hua-at'' | |||
|- | |||
!Cessative | |||
|''ye-'' | |||
|''yua-'' | |||
|''-ndat'' | |||
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Causative | |||
| ''-iy'' | |||
| ''-nthi'' | |||
| ''-ndit'' | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
| ''-nduo'' | |||
| ''-iy'' | |||
| ''-mbat'' | |||
| ''-mbas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Iterative | |||
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | |||
|} | |||
====Reciprocal==== | |||
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other. | |||
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending. | |||
==Sample phrases== | ==Sample phrases== | ||
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*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.'' | *''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]] |