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West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions
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The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished. | The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished. | ||
===Cases=== | ===Cases=== | ||
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings are shown in the table below: | West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Case ! | ! rowspan="2" | Case | ||
! colspan="2" | Ending | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
! rowspan="2" | Translation | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! sg !! pl | ||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || – || ''oiva'' || (a) head | ! colspan="6" | Grammatical | ||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || – || ''-k'' || ''oiva'' || ''oivak'' || (a) head | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] | | [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] | ||
| different || ''oivā'' || head (as an object) | | different || ''-mma'' || ''oivā'' || ''oivamma'' || head (as an object) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] | | [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] | ||
| ''-ū/-ju'' || ''oivū'' || of (a) head | | ''-ui/-ū/-ju''|| ''-dū'' || ''oivū'' || ''oivadū'' || of (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] | | [[w:Dative case|dative]] | ||
| ''-id/-cid'' || ''oivid'' || head (as an indirect object) | | ''-id/-cid'' || ''-īd/-ecid'' || ''oivid'' || ''oivīd'' || head (as an indirect object) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Instrumental case|instrumental]] | | [[w:Instrumental case|instrumental]] | ||
| ''-inä'/-ina'' || ''oivina'' || by means of (a) head | | ''-inä'/-ina'' || ''-kīn/-kain'' || ''oivina'' || ''oivakain'' || by means of (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Essive case|essive]] | | [[w:Essive case|essive]] | ||
| ''-pä/-pa'' || ''oivapa'' || as (a) head | | ''-pä/-pa'' || ''-ipä/-upa'' || ''oivapa'' || ''oivaupa'' || as (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="6" | Locative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Inessive case|inessive]] || ''-utu'' || ''oivautu'' || in (a) head | | [[w:Inessive case|inessive]] || ''-utu'' || ''-eutui/-autui'' || ''oivautu'' || ''oivautui'' || in (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Adessive case|adessive]] || ''-ie/-uo'' || ''oivuo'' || on (a) head | | [[w:Adessive case|adessive]] || ''-ie/-uo'' || ''-kke/-kko'' || ''oivuo'' || ''oivakko'' || on (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Apudessive case|apudessive]] || ''-ve/-vo'' || ''oivavo'' || at/near (a) head | | [[w:Apudessive case|apudessive]] || ''-ve/-vo'' || ''-uhe/-uho'' || ''oivavo'' || ''oivauho'' || at/near (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="6" | Directional | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''-ēn/-oan'' || ''oivoan'' || into (a) head | | [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''-ēn/-oan'' || ''-kēn/-kōn'' || ''oivoan'' || ''oivakōn'' || into (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Lative case|lative]] || ''-ivä/-iva'' || ''oivaiva'' || to (a) head | | [[w:Lative case|lative]] || ''-ivä/-iva'' || ''-kua''|| ''oivaiva'' || ''oivakua'' || to (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Allative case|allative]] || ''- | | [[w:Allative case|allative]] || ''-hei/-hō'' || ''-kei/-kō''|| ''oivahō'' || ''oivakō'' || onto (a) head | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||