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Sharqi: Difference between revisions
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There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | ||
*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with '' | **w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad''). | ||
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tiibas'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybas''). | **y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al tiibas'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybas''). | ||
** | **Ø: preceding ''i'' is dropped in imperfect and lengthened in jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiihil'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yiØhil''). | ||
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): preceding <!--and/or following -->''i'' becomes ''a'' <!--?-->in the imperfect<!--?--> - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tacrif'' "don't rest" (from ''ticrif'')-->. | |||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**y, yC, or Cy: | |||
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad''). | |||
***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid''). | |||
***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''keýdaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayiídaw''). | |||
**w, wC, or Cw: | **w, wC, or Cw: | ||
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan''). | ***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan''). | ||
***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin''). | ***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin''). | ||
***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''koýnaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawiínaw'') | ***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''koýnaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawiínaw''). | ||
** | **Ø, ØC, or CØ: | ||
***'' | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''laag'' "he sent" (from ''*laØag''). | ||
***'' | ***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''ay tiliig'' "don't send" (from ''*tilØig''). | ||
***'' | ***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØiígaw''). | ||
**G: | |||
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixiiraw'' "him being kind/merciful" | |||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ||
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ||
***''yuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasuún'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyuún''). | |||
<!-- | |||
**''ayuu'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''yisallaẃn'' "they pray" (from ''*yisallayuún'') | |||
**''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''ay tisilluún'' "do not pray ''(pl.)''" (from ''*tisilliyuún'') | |||
--> | |||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCií-'' before a consonant). | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCií-'' before a consonant). | ||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' | ***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
***''wuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafuún'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwuún''). | |||
***''awuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yiqandhoẃn'' "they get a fever" (from ''*yiqandhawuún''). | |||
***''iwuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''ay ticfuún'' "do not forgive ''(pl.)''" (from ''*ticfiwuún'') | |||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCuú-'' before a consonant). | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCuú-'' before a consonant). | ||
**Ø: | |||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | |||
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''nishi'' "take/lift" (from ''*nishiØ''). | |||
***''Øuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashuún'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØuún''). | |||
***''aØuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yuwaddoẃn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØuún'') | |||
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''ay tinshuún'' "do not take/lift ''(pl.)''" (from ''*tinshiØuún'') | |||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCií-'' before a consonant). | |||
**G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yi | |||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku''). | *Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku''). | ||
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguún'', ''targuúmaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwím'', ''*taragwiímaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator". | *For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguún'', ''targuúmaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwím'', ''*taragwiímaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator". | ||