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-'''Báoluòveng''' is a minority language closely related to Qenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language.
+'''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.
+Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]).
+Figure out how to assign tones
+==Todo==
+Glottal reinforcement mania
+Final schwa > tone split
+dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung
+''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
+''ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr'' /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain
+''dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen'' /têː, têːn/ = valley
+''yi syøød'' /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose
+''mand'' /manʔ/ = to take
+''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful
+''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far
+''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
+''yi mār'' /mǽ:/ = tree
+''jyarm'' /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'
+''yi kaθr'' /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
+''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
+''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'
+''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain
 ==Phonology==
-More Mandarin than Qenian - be careful not to have linking R everywhere
+Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants;  Yorkshire vowels
 ====Tones====
@@ Line 8: / Line 46: @@
 Three tones for long vowels:
-*ā: mid level
+*ā or a: mid level, relaxed
 *á: rising
 *à: falling
 ====Consonants====
-Consonants:
+p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin
-* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
-* Historical initial /f/ retained
+* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
-* Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
+* h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/
 ====Vowels====
-Báoluòveng uses an RP-like pronunciation for R-colored vowels. Linking R is used, unlike in Standard Qenian.
+Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.
 Short vowels:
-*a e ie i o u ü /a ə jɛ ɪ wɔ ʊ ʏ/
+*a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/
-Diphthongs:
+Long vowels:
-*ai ei uai ui ao iao ou iu iei üei /aɪ eɪ waɪ weɪ aʊ jaʊ əʊ jəʊ jeɪ ɥøʏ/
+*ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
+**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
+*au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
+**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
+*ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/
-Long vowels:
+R-linking vowels:
-*ì ù ǜ /iː uː yː/
+*uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
-*uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /oː(ɹ)/
+*(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
-*(i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)ɑː(ɹ)/
+*r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
-*er, èr, eir /ɜː(ɹ)/
+*ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
-*ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɜː(ɹ)~jɛː(ɹ)/
+*ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
-*ür, ǜr /ɥɜː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
+*ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
-*uir /wɜː(ɹ)/
+*air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
-*air, aor, our /ajə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), awə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), əwə(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)/
+*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
-*angr engr ingr ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ə̃ː(ɹ) jə̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥə̃ː(ɹ)/
 **e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
-Final vowels:
+Unstressed vowels:
-*final -a = final -er = final -e = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
+*final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
 *final -i = /ɪ/
-*final -u = /ʊ/
+*final -ou = /o/
 Many grammatical endings are merged in {{PAGENAME}}.
+=====Linking R=====
+*Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
+*No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])
+====Mutations====
+Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.
 ==Grammar==
-No case; everything merged to nominative
+===Nouns===
+The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
+As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:
+*''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
+*''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'
+{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ '''Definite article'''
+! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! common || neuter || common || neuter
+|-
+| ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'
+|}
+Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.
+====Pluralization patterns====
+#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
+#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/
+#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
+#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
+#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
+#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
+#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
+#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'
+===Adjectives===
+Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.
+*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true')
+*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper')
+===Verbs===
+There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.
+The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/.
+====Tonal ablaut patterns====
+#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
+#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
+#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug'
-Genders: common and neuter
+[[Category:Languages]]
+[[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:A priori]]

Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:44, 8 February 2021

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