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Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
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==History== | |||
* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs''' | |||
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > ē; oi, eu, ou > ō, au > ā'' | |||
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels''' | |||
** short vowels lowered | |||
** long vowels shortened | |||
* '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s''''' | |||
** voiceless stops ''p, t, k'' > voiced ''b, d, g'' | |||
** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ'' | |||
** ''m'' > ''ṽ'' | |||
** ''s'' > ''h'' (lost word-finally; ''j'' intervocalic) | |||
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | |||
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū'' | |||
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a''''' | |||
** ''ɛː > ia'' | |||
** ''ē > ie'' | |||
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' as ''β'''' | |||
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C | |||
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C | |||
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC''' | |||
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-'' | |||
** e.g. ''markos > mrakə > braca'' | |||
* '''Loss of vowel quantity''' | |||
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system: | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">ʊ</div> | |||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">e</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o</div> | |||
<!-- MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |||
* '''Merger of near-high vowels''' | |||
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o'' | |||
* '''Iotisation''' | |||
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | |||
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ'' | |||
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m, v, w'' | |||
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ''''' | |||
** becomes ''j'' after ''i, e, ɛ'' | |||
** becomes ''w'' after other vowels, merging with ''v'' | |||
* '''Syncope''' | |||
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster. | |||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||