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Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
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* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs''' | * '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs''' | ||
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > | ** ''ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː'' | ||
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels''' | * '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels''' | ||
** short vowels lowered | ** short vowels lowered | ||
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** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ'' | ** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ'' | ||
** ''m'' > ''ṽ'' | ** ''m'' > ''ṽ'' | ||
** ''s'' > ''h'' | ** ''s'' > ''h'' | ||
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | * '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | ||
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū'' | ** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū'' | ||
** the change indicates that short ''e'' was /ɛ/ and short ''o'' was /ɔ/. The short high vowels ''i'' and ''u'' may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/. | |||
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a''''' | * '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a''''' | ||
** ''ɛː > ia'' | ** ''ɛː > ia'' | ||
** ''ē > ie'' | ** ''ē > ie'' | ||
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' | * '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'' and ''-h-''''' | ||
** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)'' | |||
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels | |||
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' between vowels | |||
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost | |||
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' | |||
** the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by ''β'' | |||
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C | ** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C | ||
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C | ** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C | ||
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC''' | * '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC''' | ||
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-'' | ** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-'' | ||
* '''Loss of vowel quantity''' | * '''Loss of vowel quantity''' | ||
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system: | ** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system. | ||
** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ'' | |||
** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o'' | |||
** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' alongside existing ''ɪ, ʊ'' | |||
** the new vowel system: | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | ||
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* '''Merger of near-high vowels''' | * '''Merger of near-high vowels''' | ||
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o'' | ** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o'' | ||
** the sequence ''ɪj''V becomes ''ij''V (later ''ia'') | |||
* '''Iotisation''' | * '''Iotisation''' | ||
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | ** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | ||
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ'' | ** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ'' | ||
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m | ** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m'' | ||
* ''' | ** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially. | ||
** | ** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change. | ||
** | * '''Merger of semivowels | ||
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uv'', ''vu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u'' | |||
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant | |||
** ''ovi'' > ''oi'' | |||
* '''Syncope''' | * '''Syncope''' | ||
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster. | ** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster. | ||
* '''Palatalisation''' | |||
** consonants preceding ''i'' are palatalised | |||
** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz'' | |||
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ'' | |||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||