8,624
edits
Atlantic: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m
→Vocabulary
m (→Prepositions) |
m (→Vocabulary) |
||
| Line 1,412: | Line 1,412: | ||
As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, ''paix cu tivi'' and the variants ''paix cu vuis'' and ''paix câ sinyuria'' ([may] peace<ref>The most common word for "peace" today is the Greek reborrowing ''ireni'', but in this set phrase ''paix'' is still the only form used.</ref> [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic ''as-salāmu ʿalaykum''<ref>The response, however, is ''i tant cu tivi/cu vuis/câ sinyuria'' (and with you too), which is not a calque.</ref>. | As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, ''paix cu tivi'' and the variants ''paix cu vuis'' and ''paix câ sinyuria'' ([may] peace<ref>The most common word for "peace" today is the Greek reborrowing ''ireni'', but in this set phrase ''paix'' is still the only form used.</ref> [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic ''as-salāmu ʿalaykum''<ref>The response, however, is ''i tant cu tivi/cu vuis/câ sinyuria'' (and with you too), which is not a calque.</ref>. | ||
The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman | The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman", ''heurimen'' "discovery"). Most Ancient Greek reborrowings have however a learned origin, such as ''halma'' "heartbeat", ''apocrima'' "refusal", ''drasi'' "efficacy", ''elaso(n)'' "progress", ''eleuteria'' "freedom", ''elilameni'' "civilization", ''iatria'' "medicine", ''sinfero(n)'' "common cause"). Many internationalisms of Greek origin also maintain a form closer to the original, including neuter gender, ''-ta'' plurals and movable nu when applicable (''tropaio(n)'' "trophy", ''stadio(n)'' "stadium", ''ṭeatro(n)'' "theater", ''helicoptero(n)'' "helicopter").<br/>Often there are doublets of Greek and Latin forms, where the Latin forms are used in more concrete or common senses, while the more abstract senses use the Greek word. For example ''paix'' is used for "peace, calm, tranquillity", while the ideal of peace is ''ireni''<ref>With the exception of certain religious set phrases, which use ''paix''.</ref>; similarly, ''livirṭoṭi'' denotes the absence of momentary constraints, while ''eleuteria'' is the word used for the freedom of a person, a people, or a country. | ||
Even in modern day colloquial Atlantic, calques are preferred to borrowings, and some "hyperpurist" words, sometimes coined back from Latin roots, emerge at the expense of English or French internationalisms; for recent examples, see ''idemulc'' "selfie" (Lat. <small>ĪDEM</small> + ''-ulc'' ← <small>-ŪCULUM</small>) and the derived verb ''idemulcori-s''; ''genti'' "smartphone" (clipping of ''tilefon intiligenti''); ''tenia'' "malware" (from the word for "tapeworm, taenia", itself a Renaissance reborrowing from Lat. <small>TÆNIA</small>); ''valy igni'' "firewall" (equiv. to Lat. <small>VALLUM ĪGNEUM</small>); ''precalcuroṭ'' "budget" (equiv. to Lat. *præcalculātum, possibly influenced by Modern Greek ''προϋπολογισμός''); ''tuṭurolb'' "tutorial" (equiv. to Lat. *tūtorābulum); ''cunfirmolc'' "voucher" (equiv. to *cōnfirmāculum); ''advirtenti'' "ad" (English calque, equiv. to Lat. <small>ADVERTENTEM</small>). Some of these are not exclusive to Atlantic, see e.g. ''surixi'' "(computer) mouse", using the same word for the animal (Lat. <small>SŌRICEM</small>), while in other cases Atlantic uses the same Latin root, but "adapted" to Atlantic in order to fit with native suffixes and roots: a major example is the word ''spunsuri'' for "sponsor", coined after the English by taking the same Latin word and effectively mimicking how the word would have evolved if it had been inherited, in order to fit with the existing cognate word ''spuns'' and the suffix ''-uri''.<br/>In a few cases, the adaptation to Atlantic of foreign loanwords creates interesting cases where the resulting word has no Latin root, but uses otherwise nativized roots whose foreign origin is not apparent to native speakers, as with ''hatm-roidus'' "hashtag" (literally "bars' stamp", with the Atlantic word for "stamp" (''hatm'') being an Arabic borrowing and the one for "bar" (''roid'') an early (Medieval) Greek one, from ''ῥάβδος''). | Even in modern day colloquial Atlantic, calques are preferred to borrowings, and some "hyperpurist" words, sometimes coined back from Latin roots, emerge at the expense of English or French internationalisms; for recent examples, see ''idemulc'' "selfie" (Lat. <small>ĪDEM</small> + ''-ulc'' ← <small>-ŪCULUM</small>) and the derived verb ''idemulcori-s''; ''genti'' "smartphone" (clipping of ''tilefon intiligenti''); ''tenia'' "malware" (from the word for "tapeworm, taenia", itself a Renaissance reborrowing from Lat. <small>TÆNIA</small>); ''valy igni'' "firewall" (equiv. to Lat. <small>VALLUM ĪGNEUM</small>); ''precalcuroṭ'' "budget" (equiv. to Lat. *præcalculātum, possibly influenced by Modern Greek ''προϋπολογισμός''); ''tuṭurolb'' "tutorial" (equiv. to Lat. *tūtorābulum); ''cunfirmolc'' "voucher" (equiv. to *cōnfirmāculum); ''advirtenti'' "ad" (English calque, equiv. to Lat. <small>ADVERTENTEM</small>). Some of these are not exclusive to Atlantic, see e.g. ''surixi'' "(computer) mouse", using the same word for the animal (Lat. <small>SŌRICEM</small>), while in other cases Atlantic uses the same Latin root, but "adapted" to Atlantic in order to fit with native suffixes and roots: a major example is the word ''spunsuri'' for "sponsor", coined after the English by taking the same Latin word and effectively mimicking how the word would have evolved if it had been inherited, in order to fit with the existing cognate word ''spuns'' and the suffix ''-uri''.<br/>In a few cases, the adaptation to Atlantic of foreign loanwords creates interesting cases where the resulting word has no Latin root, but uses otherwise nativized roots whose foreign origin is not apparent to native speakers, as with ''hatm-roidus'' "hashtag" (literally "bars' stamp", with the Atlantic word for "stamp" (''hatm'') being an Arabic borrowing and the one for "bar" (''roid'') an early (Medieval) Greek one, from ''ῥάβδος''). | ||