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* The particle ''damikman'' is another enigmatic particle. In narratives it is often translated as "once upon a time" or "back in those days" and occurs with the Remote Past tense marker. However, this particles usage is not restricted to the remote past. It can refer to the recent past, present or future time as well. Its purpose appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to a reference point that is recoverable by all speech participants. When used for both present and future tenses it sometimes be translated as "soon". It obligatorily appears at the head of a clause and cannot be preceded by a ''wa''-Construction, nor can it be followed by a ''wa''-Construction. | * The particle ''damikman'' is another enigmatic particle. In narratives it is often translated as "once upon a time" or "back in those days" and occurs with the Remote Past tense marker. However, this particles usage is not restricted to the remote past. It can refer to the recent past, present or future time as well. Its purpose appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to a reference point that is recoverable by all speech participants. When used for both present and future tenses it sometimes be translated as "soon". It obligatorily appears at the head of a clause and cannot be preceded by a ''wa''-Construction, nor can it be followed by a ''wa''-Construction. | ||
Example of Remote Past: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Damikman Anyar iknatūmašnerrannimmāš raħkibayherradikminessuš. | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = damikman anyar kna-∅-šerr-an-nimm-mā-š raħk-bayhe-redad-km-ness-u-š | |||
| gloss = in.those.days PN.ABS go-NOM-RMT.PST-INTR-PURP-SUB-IRR APPL.ABL-seek.help-men-3S.ACC+3P.NOM-FUT-TRN-IRR | |||
| translation = On that day, Anyar went [to Attum Attar] to seek help from their men. | |||
}} | |||
* ''Wēš'' has the same restrictions governing ''damikman'' regarding the ''wa''- Construction. However, its position is quite free as ''sukkādi'' and has the same scopal qualities. ''Wēš'' is often translated as "well then", "come on", "therefore", or sometimes "we'll see". In some cases it appears to be mild hortative particle, but more often it seems to be an acknowledge that the topic of discussion remains unresolved. This might explain why it is often translated as a conjunction by native speakers: | * ''Wēš'' has the same restrictions governing ''damikman'' regarding the ''wa''- Construction. However, its position is quite free as ''sukkādi'' and has the same scopal qualities. ''Wēš'' is often translated as "well then", "come on", "therefore", or sometimes "we'll see". In some cases it appears to be mild hortative particle, but more often it seems to be an acknowledge that the topic of discussion remains unresolved. This might explain why it is often translated as a conjunction by native speakers: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Karħawwaksakšarħakabampi wēš Ikkūne yentikarakyamikminesampiš | |phrase = Karħawwaksakšarħakabampi wēš Ikkūne yentikarakyamikminesampiš | ||
|IPA = /karhaw:aksakʃarhakab'ampi weʃ ɪk:'u:nɛ yɛntɪkarakyamikminɛs'ampiʃ/ | |IPA = /karhaw:aksakʃarhakab'ampi weʃ ɪk:'u:nɛ yɛntɪkarakyamikminɛs'ampiʃ/ | ||
| morphemes = kara-hawwak-sakšar-hak-ab-an-pi wēš Ikkūne yent-kara-kyam-km-nes-an-pi | | morphemes = kara-hawwak-sakšar-hak-ab-an-pi wēš Ikkūne yent-kara-kyam-km-nes-an-pi | ||