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The result is an artificial sister language to French, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Occitan and Italian which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the Welsh language, and words that are borrowed from the [[w:Brittonic languages|Brittonic languages]] and from English throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[w:Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[w:Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[w:Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[w:Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig. | The result is an artificial sister language to French, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Occitan and Italian which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the Welsh language, and words that are borrowed from the [[w:Brittonic languages|Brittonic languages]] and from English throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[w:Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[w:Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[w:Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[w:Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig. | ||
Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[ | Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[Wenedyk]]'' (influenced by Polish), and ''Xliponian'' (which experienced a [[w:Grimm's law|Grimm's law]]-like sound shift). It has also inspired ''Wessisc'', a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic. | ||
Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[w:ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]]. | Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[w:ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]]. | ||
Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the | Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the Cleveland Public Library from May through August 2008.<ref>Boozer, Donald (9 May 2008). [https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/ "Case 8: Meet the Conlangers, center"]. ''Flickr''. Cleveland Public Library. Retrieved 2009-09-07.</ref> Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text<ref>Henning, Jeffrey (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214923/http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm "Babel Text Introduction"]. Langmaker. Conlang Profiles at Langmaker.com. Archived from [http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm the original] on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2009-09-07.</ref> in Smith's language). | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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Many of these have a collective meaning, '''lla freich''', ''a pair of arms joined to a body'', contrasted to '''llo freich''', ''arms'' in a general sense. This is often reinforced in natural pairs by adding '''dew''', ''two'', as a prefix: '''yn ddewfreich''', ''a pair of arms''. | Many of these have a collective meaning, '''lla freich''', ''a pair of arms joined to a body'', contrasted to '''llo freich''', ''arms'' in a general sense. This is often reinforced in natural pairs by adding '''dew''', ''two'', as a prefix: '''yn ddewfreich''', ''a pair of arms''. | ||
The indefinite singular article is '''yn''', which also means 'one'. It also causes initial consonants to mutate on feminine nouns. The indefinite plural article is the preposition '''di''' combined with the definite article: '''di llo h-on''', ''some men''. In the spoken language it is contracted and pronounced as '''ddlo'''. The same happens with feminine plurals: '''ddla'''. However the creator himself doesn't favor this particular feature. | The indefinite singular article is '''yn''', which also means 'one'. It also causes initial consonants to mutate on feminine nouns. The indefinite plural article is the preposition '''di''' combined with the definite article: '''di llo h-on''', ''some men''. In the spoken language it is contracted and pronounced as '''ddlo'''. The same happens with feminine plurals: '''ddla'''. However the creator himself doesn't favor this particular feature.{{efn|The creator of Brithenig thinks this is an ugly feature and doesn't use it. Any student of the language is free to make their own choice.}} | ||
Common nouns must always have an article. A notable exception is a genitive construction that alternatives with the use of '''di''' as possessive marker in Brithenig. Normally the only way to say 'the man's house' in Romance languages is to rearrange it to mean 'the house of the man', '''lla gas di'll of'''. But there is an alternative form called the genitive construction. The preposition '''di''' is omitted along with the definite article of the possessed object. The possessed object comes first, followed by the possessor: | Common nouns must always have an article. A notable exception is a genitive construction that alternatives with the use of '''di''' as possessive marker in Brithenig. Normally the only way to say 'the man's house' in Romance languages is to rearrange it to mean 'the house of the man', '''lla gas di'll of'''. But there is an alternative form called the genitive construction. The preposition '''di''' is omitted along with the definite article of the possessed object. The possessed object comes first, followed by the possessor: | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references group="lower-alpha"/> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* "URUK: | {{Reflist}} | ||
* [http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf | * Vandepitte, Sonia; De Grotte, Carine; Verplaetse, Heidi; Denturk, Kathelijne; Vervenne, Dirk; Godyns, Rita; Kaczmarski, Peter; Gierts, Stephane; Vandamme, Fernand (2005). "URUK: the construction of multilingualism in an electronic knowledge management tool". ''Geolinguistics''. The American Society of Geolinguistics: 145–156. [[w:hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-687479 1854/LU-687479]. [[w:ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-4671 0190-4671]. | ||
* Frawley, William J. | * Havliš, Jan (2008). Rampas, Zdeněk (ed.). [http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf "Výlet do Conlangey"] (PDF). ''Interkom''. Kvark (in Czech). No. 2008/3. Prague. pp. 17–21. [[w:ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1212-9089 1212-9089]. | ||
* Parkvall, Mikael (2008). Limits of | * Nicholas, Nick (2003). "Artificial languages". In Frawley, William J. (ed.). ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics''. '''1''' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155. [[w:ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516783-X 0-19-516783-X]. | ||
* Parkvall, Mikael (2008). ''Limits of language: almost everything you didn't know you didn't know about language and languages''. Battlebridge Publications. pp. 91–93, 131. [[w:OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70894631 70894631]. | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* | * Smith, Andrew (n.d.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072556/http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html "Introduction to Brithenig"]. Archived from [http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html the original] on 2009-05-29. | ||
* | * Brown, Padraic; et al. (n.d.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190911064723/http://www.bethisad.com/ "Ill Bethisad"]. Archived from [http://www.bethisad.com/ the original] on 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2015-09-07. | ||
* | * Fröhlich, Werner (n.d.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623001426/geonames.de/wl-romance.html "Romance glossary"]. ''geocities - Countries and Languages of the World''. Archived from [https://geonames.de/wl-romance.html the original] on 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2015-09-07. | ||
[[Category:Brithenig]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Romance]] | [[Category:Brithenig]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Romance]] | ||