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|name = Ris
|name = Ris
|nativename = Rhanzi ri
|nativename = Rhanzi ri
|pronunciation= /ˈr̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪ/
|pronunciation= /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
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|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor= American
|familycolor= American
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Jasi-Jivan languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Jivan
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|agency=
|agency=
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}}
}}


'''Ris''' is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The '''Ris''' language, ''oikas ri'' /ɔˈɪːkas  rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages.  


The '''Ris''' language, '''rhanzi ri''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs͎/, is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
The '''Ris''' language, '''ρανζι ρις''' /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a [[User:Waahlis/Jivanity|Jivan language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.


The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Ris: ''Hagiastanou katerrhasthmai'', ''Αγιαστάνου κατήρρασθμαι''). The documents were a Greek transcript of letters in the languages around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:


Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]].


{{quote
|text=I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The ''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]'', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. [...] <!-- Then there are the ''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]'', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. --> Then there are the ''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]'', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Ris|Risoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]''
|sign=-Antenor Erevanon, 9<sup>th</sup> century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler
|source=Hayastani documents
}}
The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighbouring languages, such as Armenian and Georgian as well as enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers, threaten the language. In modern times, the greatest threat has been from the universal English language, as more and more Ris speakers use the language in social media.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]].


Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]].
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
{{ris sidebar}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="9"|Consonants
! colspan="7"|Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! rowspan="2"| Velar
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
|-
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! colspan="2"|
! <small>apical</small>
! Bilabial
!  Dental
!  Alveolar
!  Velar
!  Glottal
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Nasals
!Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
|
|'''n '''/n/
|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|
|[ŋ]
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
|'''ph, bh''' /pʰ/
|'''ph''' /pʰ/
|'''th''' /tʰ/
|'''th''' /t̪ʰ/
|
|
|
|'''kh, gh''' /kʰ/
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ]
|  
|-
|-
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|-
|-
!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /pʼ/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /tʼ/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|
|
|'''g''' /kʼ/
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
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|
|
|
|
|'''s''' /s ~ s̺/
|'''s''' /s/
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡z̺ ~ z̺ ~ z̺/
|
|[ʝ]
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Trills
! rowspan="2"|Trills
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r̥/
|
|
|
|
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/
|  
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''ou, u''' /w/
|
|
|'''i''' /j/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
|
|'''l''' /ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
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====Consonant allophony====
====Consonant allophony====
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common to many consonants, and [[w:sandhi|sandhi]] forces them to be realised different in different environments.
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common to many consonants, and [[w:sandhi|sandhi]] forces them to be realised different in different environments.
=====The glottal fricative=====
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in [[w:free variation|free variation]] with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = {{blue|H}}antouzi.
|IPA = /{{blue|h}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/ = /{{blue|x}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/ = /{{blue|ç}}anˈtʊːd͡zɪ/
|morphemes = hantouzi
|gloss = fine.INT
|translation = Fine, very well.
|index = 2.1
}}
The velar fricative is the most common one. However, /h/ is susceptible to palatalisation from front vowels which tends to produce the palatal fricative [ç].
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ah, {{blue|h}}estimi
|IPA = /ax ˈ{{blue|ç}}eːstɪmɪ/
|morphemes = ah hestimi
|gloss = INT pride.IV.SG
|translation = Oh, the pride.
|index = 2.2
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = En, {{blue|h}}imbdous.
|IPA = /ɛn ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɪːmptʼʊs/
|morphemes = en himbdous
|gloss = yes.INT glorified_fool.I.SG
|translation = Yes, a glorified fool.
|index = 2.3
}}
=====The ejective plosives=====
The [[w:ejective consonant|ejective]] plosives of Ris, /pʼ, tʼ, kʼ/ written <nowiki><b, d, g></nowiki>, are de-ejectivised when preceding another consonant
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = En, him{{blue|b}}dous.
|IPA = /ɛn ˈçɪːm{{blue|p}}tʼʊs/
|morphemes = en himbdous
|gloss = yes.INT glorified_fool.I.SG
|translation = Yes, a glorified fool.
|index = 2.4
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ouhi, sti a{{blue|g}}rous?
|IPA = /ˈʊçɪ stɪ ˈaː{{blue|k}}rʊs/
|morphemes = ouhi sti agrous
|gloss = no.INT what.IV.SG area.IV.SG
|translation = No, what area?
|index = 2.5
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ta a{{blue|d}}rhastika.
|IPA = /ta a{{blue|t}}r̥ʰastɪˈkaː/
|morphemes = ta adrhasti-ka
|gloss = so sudden.IV.SG-DIM
|translation = How sudden.
|index = 2.6
}}
====Phonological processes====
<!-- =====Assimilation=====
In verb conjugation, consonant clusters tend to appear. Various [[w:sandhi|]] rules then apply.Rules:* '''Most basic rule''': When two sounds appear next to each other, the first [[w:Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] in voicing and aspiration to the second.** This applies fully to stops. Fricatives assimilate only in voicing, sonorants do not assimilate.* Before an {{IPA|/s/}} (future, aorist stem), velars become {{IPA|[k]}}, labials become {{IPA|[p]}}, and dentals disappear.* Before a {{IPA|/tʰ/}} (aorist passive stem), velars become {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, and dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}.* Before an {{IPA|/m/}} (perfect middle first-singular, first-plural, participle), velars become {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, nasal+velar becomes {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, labials become {{IPA|[m]}}, dentals become {{IPA|[s]}}, other sonorants remain the same.
-->


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
 
There are 8 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language.
{{quote
|text='''Ptougna i rhaki? Indroui ptegoun i khristi!'''
|sign=''Common Ris saying''
|source=Idioms and phrases in Ris: An analysis. pg. 34
|about= The saying '''The hollow triangle? Rather the Christmas tree!''' is a anti-nationalist idiom which represents the Ris people's belief that their language is inferior to that of their neighbours. This is due to their vowel inventory creating an image of either a hollow triangle, or a pine tree.
}}
 
There are 8 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language. In Ris, the system of vowels are known as ''ptougna i rhaki'' - 'the hollow triangle', due to their symmetrical places of articulation.  


All vowels are lengthened when stressed, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are the only ones that change their quality; they are pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
All vowels are lengthened when stressed, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are the only ones that change their quality; they are pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
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