45,345
edits
mNo edit summary |
|||
(85 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
: {{distinguish|text=[[w:Hadza language|Hadza language]]}} | |||
{{Infobox language | |||
|name = Hantza | |||
|pronunciation = ˈhant͡sa | |||
|states = [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] | |||
|setting = [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] | |||
|ethnicity = [[/Ethnology|Hantza]] | |||
|creator = User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán | |||
|speakers = 161,000 | |||
|date = 2010 | |||
|familycolor = Language isolate | |||
|dia1 = Karakum | |||
|dia2 = Balkan | |||
|dia3 = Qarshi | |||
|dia4 = Afghan | |||
|scripts = * [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]]) | |||
|notice = IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Hantza''' is (pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/, phonetically [ˈx̟änt͡sɐ] and is Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/) is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] by more than 160,00 people. The language is used vigorously and enthusiastically by its speakers and is passed on to child who are often monolingual. Adults may also speak [[w:Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[w:Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[w:Dari language (Persian dialect)|Dari]]. The language is not known to be related to any other extant language and is therefore categorised as an isolate. It is spoken predominantly in [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] (91,000 speakers), but also in [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (43,000) and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] (27,000). | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 600px; " | |||
! colspan="1" style=" text-align: center;"|''Map of the distribution of Hantza'' | |||
|- | |||
|[[File:Hantza distribution.png|600px]] | |||
|} | |||
The areas marked in red on the map above represent the approximate regions in which Hantza is spoken. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
:'' | :''See also: [[IPA for Hantza]] and [[/Phonology|Hantza phonology]]'' | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Line 58: | Line 84: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Line 108: | Line 105: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Orthography== | |||
:''Main article: [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]]'' | |||
With the exception of those listed below, all consonant and vowel phonemes are represented orthographically as in IPA. | With the exception of those listed below, all consonant and vowel phonemes are represented orthographically as in IPA. | ||
Line 122: | Line 119: | ||
*The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C) | *The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C) | ||
*Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed | *Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed | ||
*Permitted word-initial clusters: | *Permitted word-initial clusters: /p, b, t, d, k/ + /j, w/, /p, t, k/ + /r/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/ | ||
*Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, t, d, k, ʔ, s | *Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, ʔ, s, ts, r, l/ | ||
*Word-final clusters: none allowed | *Word-final clusters: none allowed | ||
*Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed | *Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed | ||
*Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted | *Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted | ||
*/ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally, but not inter-vocalically, and is most common word-finally | |||
==Morphophonological processes== | |||
*Reduplication | |||
*Metathesis | |||
*Assimilation/dissimilation | |||
*Elision/epenthesis | |||
*Lenition/fortition | |||
Common processes: | |||
*''-tit-'' > ''-tz-'' | |||
*''biy-'' + ''i-'' > ''bi-'' | |||
*''-`'' > ''-k-'' when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel | |||
*''o-'', ''u-'' > ''w-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | |||
*''e-'', ''i-'' > ''y-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | |||
*''a-'' > ''h-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | |||
*Metathesis of ''P''+ ''NV'' > ''NPV'', e.g. reporatative + negative: ''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'' | |||
*Across vocalic word boundaries the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ may be introduced | |||
== | ==Prosody== | ||
:''Main article: [[/Prosody|Hantza prosody]]'' | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
The primary stress of a word falls on the penultimate syllable of the root. Secondary normally falls on the preceding syllable. In disyllabic words the secondary stress is necessarily on the second syllable. | |||
Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography. | Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography. | ||
Line 159: | Line 169: | ||
*Default word order: VSO | *Default word order: VSO | ||
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite)) | *Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite)) | ||
*Topic-comment/thème-rhème & focus | |||
*Head-marking | *Head-marking | ||
*Infixes? | *Infixes? | ||
Line 168: | Line 177: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
:''Main article: [[/Nouns|Hantza nouns]]'' | |||
Nouns are not marked for case | The category of "noun" (more properly "nominal") in Hantza encompasses what are thought of in English as nouns, attributive adjectives, pronouns and numerals. What correspond to adjectives in English are essentially nouns used in apposition. | ||
Nouns are not marked for case and it is usually only animate nouns that are inflected for plurality. However, nouns are inflected for possession by prefixing. Indeed, in some cases this is mandatory (see [[/Nouns#Possession|possession]]). | |||
Some nouns are in fact verb phrases that have been nominalised by way of an enclitic. | |||
Infixes are sometimes used to derive adjective-like nouns from noun-like nouns, e.g. "sandy" from "sand". | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
:''Main article: [[/Verbs|Hantza verbs]]'' | |||
The term "verb" in Hantza also includes predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives are essentially verbalised nouns. | |||
The verb paradigm is Hantza is heavily prefixing; these prefixes come in a strict order. Hantza verbs exhibit [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], as such they are conjugated for subject, direct object and indirect object. As a result Hantza is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. Only the grammatical persons that are used with animate nouns distinguish plural from singular. | |||
Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation is termed called "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen modes. | |||
Hantza is extremely fastidious regarding the transitivity and valency of a verb and its required prefixes. | |||
The mediopassive voice is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem. | |||
Negativity and evidentiality are marked on the verb by suffixes. | |||
===Particles=== | |||
:''Main article: [[/Particles|Hantza particles]]'' | |||
Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles". | |||
There is a | There is a three-way distance distinction in Hantza demonstratives: proximal, distal and obviative. | ||
No indefinite article; invariable definite article: ''do''. | |||
==Syntax and discourse== | |||
:''Main article: [[/Syntax|Hantza syntax]]'' | |||
=== | *Animacy and agency | ||
*Definiteness | |||
*Focus and topic (thème/rhème) | |||
*Relative clauses | |||
*Subordination and coordination | |||
*Discourse particles | |||
===Word order=== | |||
*Default word order: VSO | |||
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite)?, old news after the verb (often indefinite)?) | |||
===Deixis=== | |||
Anaphora, cataphora and deixis. | |||
The obviative is used to discuss something that is either not present or not at the centre of the discourse. | |||
==Derivational morphology== | |||
:''Main article: [[/Derivational morphology|Hantza derivational morphology]]'' | |||
==Lexicon== | |||
*[[Hantza/Swadesh|Swadesh list]] | |||
<!-- | |||
*Kinship | |||
*Weather | |||
*Date, time and age | |||
*Colour terms | |||
*Orientation | |||
*Flora and fauna | |||
*Idioms and proverbs | |||
**English: How do you take your tea? Literally: How do you mix it? | |||
*Onomasticon | |||
--> | |||
==Example texts== | |||
Short examples and sentences: | |||
*[[Hantza/Test Case Sentences|Test Case Sentences]] | |||
<!-- | |||
*John McWhorter | |||
Longer texts in translation: | |||
*Aesop's Fables: http://www.aesopfables.com/aesopsel.html | |||
*The Lord's Prayer | |||
*The Tower of Babel | |||
*The Story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears | |||
*The Tale of Peter Rabbit | |||
*The Donkey Beater | |||
*Marx on religion | |||
Original texts: | |||
*Literature | |||
*Politics | |||
--> | |||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]] | |||
{{Hantza}} |