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→Demonstrative Adverbial Particles
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These structures use an S/A pivot for the coreferrent NP of each clause, rather than the expected S/O pivot. This is an example of split ergativity manifesting at the syntactic level in Minhast, which is otherwise very strict in maintaining ergativity at both the morphological and syntactic levels. | These structures use an S/A pivot for the coreferrent NP of each clause, rather than the expected S/O pivot. This is an example of split ergativity manifesting at the syntactic level in Minhast, which is otherwise very strict in maintaining ergativity at both the morphological and syntactic levels. | ||
===Demonstrative | ===Demonstrative Particles=== | ||
The demonstrative | The demonstrative particles can be divided into two classes, a spatial class and a temporal class. Both classes, with a few exceptions, have at least three forms, an independent form, and two forms for preposed ''wa='' and postposed ''wa='' constructions. | ||
Note that the Interjective forms are derived from different roots. The particle ''ne'' often follows them to provide additional reinforcement. | The spatial class also has an Interjective form, usually best translated as "Here ''x'' is/are!", "There ''x'' is/are!" The forms that are bound by the ''wa='' Connective always require a clause to bind to. In contrast, the Interjective forms must immediately precede standalone NPs, thus they are not bound by the ''wa='' Connective and cannot be followed by or embedded within a clause. | ||
Note that the Interjective forms are derived from different roots. The particle ''ne'' often follows them to provide additional reinforcement, e.g. ''Eyha ne''. In some dialects, ''ne'' cliticizes to the Interjective form, accompanied with gemination, e.g.''Eyhanne''. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+ Spatial Deictics | |+ '''Spatial Deictics''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Type | ! Type | ||
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| wašša= | | wašša= | ||
| wassaše | | wassaše | ||
| kāmu/kammu/aššak | | kāmu <br/> kammu <br/> aššak | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Invisible | ! Invisible | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Just as Minhast has an array of deictic markers that encode proximity and distance from the speaker, the language has an array of particles encoding temporal relations. The particle ''damikman'' occurs as a time adverbial for all | |||
Just as Minhast has an array of deictic markers that encode proximity and distance from the speaker, the language has an array of particles encoding temporal relations. | |||
The particle ''damikman'' occurs as a time adverbial for all time references. It can refer to the recent past, present or future time as well, dependent on its exact semantic meaning from the tense marker in the verb, whereas the other temporal markers mark explicit time spaces independent of the verb's tense marker. | |||
Native speakers report that ''damikman'' conveys a hightened sense of uncertainty because of its sole reliance on the verb's tense marker, but based on both data from both speakers and texts, the particle oftentimes appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to a reference point that is recoverable by all speech participants. | Native speakers report that ''damikman'' conveys a hightened sense of uncertainty because of its sole reliance on the verb's tense marker, but based on both data from both speakers and texts, the particle oftentimes appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to a reference point that is recoverable by all speech participants. | ||
As tense in Minhast is relative, all temporal particles, whether marked by ''damikman'' or its more discrete adverbial counterparts, also operate under a relative time reference, a reference based not on the speech act, but on the connected discourse of the speaker's narrative. | As tense in Minhast is relative, all temporal particles, whether marked by ''damikman'' or its more discrete adverbial counterparts, also operate under a relative time reference, a reference based not on the speech act, but on the connected discourse of the speaker's narrative. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+ Temporal Deictics | |+ '''Temporal Deictics''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Type | ! colspan="2" | Type | ||
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| warruna | | warruna | ||
| | | | ||
<span style="padding-left:30px">just a while ago</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Distal | ! Distal | ||
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| wassukku | | wassukku | ||
| | | | ||
<span style="padding-left:30px">soon</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Distal | ! Distal | ||
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| wassaħrap | | wassaħrap | ||
| | | | ||
# sometime later, months or perhaps even years later | # sometime later, months or <br/>perhaps even years later | ||
# perhaps later | # perhaps later | ||
|} | |} | ||
One final note on ''damikman'': the particle always appears at the head of a clause and cannot be preceded by a ''wa''-Construction, nor can it be followed by a ''wa''-Construction. | |||
Textual examples of the use of ''damikman'' illustrate how the particle derives its semantic meaning in marking a time reference: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Damikman Anyar iknatūmašnerrannimmāš raħkibayherradikminessuš. | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = damikman anyar kna-∅-šerr-an-nimm-mā-š raħk-bayhe-redad-km-ness-u-š | |||
| gloss = PTCL PN.ABS go-NOM-RMT.PST-INTR-PURP-SUB-IRR APPL.ABL-seek.help-men-3S.ACC+3P.NOM-FUT-TRN-IRR | |||
| translation = On that day, Anyar went [to Attum Attar] to seek help from their men. | |||
}} | |||
Example of Recent Past: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Damikman Izzye išpisaxlaxmakkarusašša. | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = damikman izzye šp-saxt-laxmakk-ar-u-sašša | |||
| gloss = PTCL father CAUS-INCH-anger-PST-INTR-SEMB | |||
| translation = It seems that he angered Dad a few days ago. | |||
}} | |||
Example of Future: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Damikman Yešker hanessanwašša. | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = damikman yešker ha-ness-an-wašša | |||
| gloss = PTCL PN come-FUT-INTR-INF | |||
| translation = Yešker should be arriving soon. | |||
}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||