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|name = Tjoc
|name = Tjoc
|nativename = Tjoc
|nativename = Tjoc
|pronunciation = ['tju:tʃ]
|pronunciation = 'tju:tʃ
|region = Europe
|setting = Europe
|states = Kingdom of Angelkinn
|states = Kingdom of Angelkinn
|nation = Kingdom of Angelkinn
|nation = Kingdom of Angelkinn
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|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
Line 17: Line 16:
|map          = Angelkinn.gif
|map          = Angelkinn.gif
|mapcaption    = Kingdom of Angelkinn
|mapcaption    = Kingdom of Angelkinn
|iso1 = tj
|script        = Latn
|iso2 = tjo
|creator = User:Llyn
|iso3 = tjo
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}


=General informations=
==General information==


'''Tjoc''' ['tjutʃ] is a language spoken in the ''Ljoshare af Angelkinn'' (= Country of Angelkinn), a country that corresponds to Modern England on a parallel timeline, where the United Kingdom doesn't exist.
'''Tjoc''' ['tju:tʃ] is a language spoken in the ''Ljoskjare af Angelkinn'' (= Country of Angelkinn), a country that corresponds to Modern England on a parallel timeline, where the United Kingdom doesn't exist.
This language has evolved from the Anglo-Saxon with a scarce influence of Latin, while one can appreciate a Scandinavian influence. Thus Tjoc is a Germanic language that is strongly linked to Modern English.
This language has evolved from the Anglo-Saxon with a scarce influence of Latin, while one can appreciate a Scandinavian influence. Thus Tjoc is a Germanic language that is strongly linked to Modern English.


=Phonology=
==Phonology==


==Alphabet==
===Alphabet===


Tjoc alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 24 characters:
Tjoc alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|[y:]
|[y:]
|long 'u'
|long 'u'
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|-
|w
|w
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The letter 'c' had two different sounds in Old English: [tʃ] or [k], but when <k> was generalised to express the sound [k], <c> remained to express the sound [tʃ], as in the Old English word ''ic'', "I".
The letter 'c' had two different sounds in Old English: [tʃ] or [k], but when <k> was generalised to express the sound [k], <c> remained to express the sound [tʃ], as in the Old English word ''ic'', "I".


==Consonantic phonemes==
===Consonantal phonemes===


Tjoc language has the following consonantic phonemes:
Tjoc language has the following consonantic phonemes:
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The [w] phoneme is found as a glide in words like ''wouen'', wolves, that is pronounced as ['vɔu̯wɛn].
The [w] phoneme is found as a glide in words like ''wouen'', wolves, that is pronounced as ['vɔu̯wɛn].


==Vocalic phonemes==
===Vocalic phonemes===


In Tjoc there are the following vowels:
In Tjoc there are the following vowels:
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|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|a
|colspan="2"|a
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
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The 'a' is realized not precisely in the front of mouth, but in the mid between the front and centre of the mouth.
The 'a' is realized not precisely in the front of mouth, but in the mid between the front and centre of the mouth.


===Vowel length===
====Vowel length====


The short vowels 'a' [a], 'i' [i] and 'u' [ø] have got a long counterpart: 'å' [o:], 'y' [εi̯] and 'ů' [y:].
The short vowels 'a' [a], 'i' [i] and 'u' [ø] have got a long counterpart: 'å' [o:], 'y' [εi̯] and 'ů' [y:].
Also the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way.
Also the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''wjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vju:r]. It is important to know how to pronounce these two vowels, because it allows to distinguish words that are spelled the same.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''vjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vju:r]. It is important to know how to pronounce these two vowels, because it allows to distinguish words that are spelled the same.
There isn't a law that regulates the length of 'e' and 'o', but, usually, when these two vowels are unstressed, they are always short, wheres if they are stressed, they can be either short or long. If the stressed 'e' or 'o' are followed by one consonant or none at all, then thay are usually pronounced as long, that is [e:] and [u:] respectively. Otherwise they are pronounced short, [ε] and [ɔ] respectively. Of course this doesn't happen regularly, as we have seen for the word ''wjor'' ("far"), in which the 'o' is pronounced short. There are, however, clues that can help us, for exemple the comparative of the word is ''wjorre'', it confirms the short pronunciation of the root vowel.
There isn't a law that regulates the length of 'e' and 'o', but, usually, when these two vowels are unstressed, they are always short, wheres if they are stressed, they can be either short or long. If the stressed 'e' or 'o' are followed by one consonant or none at all, then thay are usually pronounced as long, that is [e:] and [u:] respectively. Otherwise they are pronounced short, [ε] and [ɔ] respectively. Of course this doesn't happen regularly, as we have seen for the word ''vjor'' ("far"), in which the 'o' is pronounced short. There are, however, clues that can help us, for exemple the comparative of the word is ''vjorre'', it confirms the short pronunciation of the root vowel.


==Diphthongs and digraphs==
===Diphthongs and digraphs===


Tjoc has got also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:
Tjoc has got also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:
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|}
|}


Also the letter 'y' is pronounced as a diphthong, as we have seen. Tjoc has got a digraph: <hw>, that is pronounced [kv].
Also the letter 'y' is pronounced as a diphthong, as we have seen. Tjoc has got two digraphs: <hw>, that is pronounced [kv], and <hj>, that is pronounced [ʃ]. Also the only trigraph, <skj>, is pronounced as [ʃ].
The cluster <sk> maintains the sound [sk] in front of the vowels ''a'', ''å'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''ů'', but in front of the vowels ''e'', ''i'', ''j'' and ''y'' it behaves as a digraph and is pronounced [ʃ].
The cluster <sk> maintains the sound [sk] in front of the vowels ''a'', ''å'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''ů'', but in front of the vowels ''e'', ''i'', ''j'' and ''y'' it behaves as a digraph and is pronounced [ʃ].


==Stress==
===Stress===


The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:
The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:


* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''warjewels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'stu(f)];
* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''varjevels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'stu(f)];


* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].


=Grammar=
==Grammar==


==Nouns, gender and number==
===Nouns, gender and number===


Tjoc language has got only two genders: common gender (or uter gender) and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the uter gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.
Tjoc language has got only two genders: common gender (or uter gender) and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the uter gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Plural'''
Line 339: Line 343:
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
|stån
!stån
|ståne
|ståne
|uter
|uter
|stone
|stone
|-
!vot
|wot
|vet
|wet
|uter
|uter
|foot
|foot
|-
|-
|lond
!lond
|lond
|lond
|neuter
|neuter
|land
|land
|-
!hjoun
|skjoun
|hjoune
|skjoune
|uter
|uter
|sky, heaven
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
|sko
!sko
|skon
|skon
|uter
|uter
|shoe
|shoe
|-
!ljot
|ljot
|ljot
|ljot
|neuter
|neuter
|light
|light
|-
|-
|lyf
!lyf
|lyen
|lyen
|uter
|uter
|life
|life
|-
!språc
|språc
|språcen
|språcen
|uter
|uter
|language
|language
|-
|-
|djor
!djor
|djor
|djor
|neuter
|neuter
|animal
|animal
|-
!bok
|bok
|bek
|bek
|uter
|uter
|book
|book
|-
|-
|frywe
!fryve
| -
| -
|uter
|uter
|love
|love
!wouf
|wouen
|uter
|wolf
|-
|-
|frjå
!frjå
|frjån
|frjån
|uter
|uter
|lord
|lord
|-
!frjåstre
|frjåstre
|frjåstren
|frjåstren
|uter
|uter
|lady
|lady
|-
|-
|mann
!mann
|menn
|menn
|uter
|uter
|man
|man
|-
!wyf
|wyf
|wyen
|wyen
|uter
|uter
|woman
|woman
|-
|-
|wouf
!hjort
|wouen
|hjort
|uter
|wolf
|-
|skjort
|skjort
|neuter
|neuter
|heart
|heart
|-
!håle
|håle
|hålen
|hålen
|uter
|uter
|head
|head
|-
|-
|stof
!stof
|sten
|sten
|uter
|uter
|place
|place
|-
!tyd
|tyd
|tyd
|tyd
|neuter
|neuter
|time
|time
|-
|-
|merjen
!merjen
|merjen
|merjen
|neuter
|neuter
|morning
|morning
|-
!dag
|dag
|dage
|dage
|uter
|uter
|day
|day
|-
|-
|åfning
!åfning
|åfninge
|åfninge
|uter
|uter
|afternoon
|afternoon
|-
!hwiltyd
|hwiltyd
|hwiltyd
|hwiltyd
|neuter
|neuter
|evening
|evening
|-
|-
|nyt
!nyt
|nyten
|nyten
|uter
|uter
|night
|night
|-
!mone
|mone
|monen
|monen
|uter
|uter
|moon
|moon
|-
|-
|atelkund
!atelkund
|atelkunde
|atelkunde
|uter
|uter
|nobleman
|nobleman
|-
!atlestre
|atlestre
|atlestren
|atlestren
|uter
|uter
|noblewoman
|noblewoman
|-
|-
|trjo
!trjo
|trjo
|trjo
|neuter
|neuter
|tree
|tree
|-
!hann
|hann
|hannen
|hannen
|uter
|uter
|hand
|hand
|-
|-
|skjor
!skjor
|skjor
|skjor
|neuter
|neuter
|star
|star
|-
!jav
|jaw
|javen
|jawen
|uter
|uter
|eye
|eye
|-
|-
|lerend
!lerend
|lerend
|lerend
|uter
|uter
|teacher
|teacher
|-
!frjond
|frjond
|frynd
|frjonde / frynd
|uter
|uter
|friend
|friend
|-
|-
|wjond
!vjond
|wjonde / wynd
|vynd
|uter
|uter
|enemy
|enemy
|-
!lind
|lind
|lind
|linde / lind
|uter
|uter
|lover
|lover
|-
|-
|hůnn
!hůnn
|hůnne
|hůnne
|uter
|uter
|dog
|dog
!worull
|worullen
|uter
|world
|}
|}


The nouns ending in '-nd' are present participles and have two kinds of plural:
The singular and the plural forms of the nouns ending in '-nd' are generally the same, but the nouns in '-jond' undergo a vowel change from '-jo-' to '-y-'.
 
* '-e' plural, that is quite spread;
* zero plural, that is quite literary.
 
Though the nouns in '-jond' have got both an '-e' plural and a zero plural with a vowel change from '-jo-' to '-y-'. In this case the second form is the most spread.


The nouns ending in vowel + 'f' lose final 'f' when forming plural.
The nouns ending in vowel + 'f' lose final 'f' when forming plural.


===Formation of feminine===
====Formation of feminine====


Distinguishing between nouns that indicate a feminine being and those that indicate a masculine being can be very difficult in a language that has a common gender for both masculine and feminine. However distinguishing is not always so difficult as one could think, because Tjoc language has a suffix with that the feminine form of a noun can be formed: -estre (pl. -estren).
Distinguishing between nouns that indicate a feminine being and those that indicate a masculine being can be very difficult in a language that has a common gender for both masculine and feminine. However distinguishing is not always so difficult as one could think, because Tjoc language has a suffix with that the feminine form of a noun can be formed: -estre (pl. -estren).
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* ''lerend'' - ''lerendstre'';
* ''lerend'' - ''lerendstre'';
* ''frjond'' - ''fryndstre'';
* ''frjond'' - ''fryndstre'';
* ''wjond'' - ''wyndstre'';
* ''vjond'' - ''vyndstre'';
* ''lind'' - ''lindstre''.
* ''lind'' - ''lindstre''.


==Articles==
===Articles===


Two kinds of article exist in Tjoc: indefinite and definite article.
Two kinds of article exist in Tjoc: indefinite and definite article.
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* ''Jef het tem frjåstre'' - Give it to the lady.
* ''Jef het tem frjåstre'' - Give it to the lady.


==Adjectives==
===Adjectives===


The adjectives generally precede the noun to whom they refer, but in some case they follow the noun. In Tjoc the adjectives have two different forms: one for the singular (without ending) and one for the plural (with '-e' ending). Moreover the form ending in '-e' is used for both singular and plural when the nouns to whom the adjective refers is preceded by a ''determiner'', that is a possessive, a demonstrative or the definite article, this form of the adjective is called '''weak form'''.
The adjectives generally precede the noun to whom they refer, but in some case they follow the noun. In Tjoc the adjectives have two different forms: one for the singular (without ending) and one for the plural (with '-e' ending). Moreover the form ending in '-e' is used for both singular and plural when the nouns to whom the adjective refers is preceded by a ''determiner'', that is a possessive, a demonstrative or the definite article, this form of the adjective is called '''weak form'''.
Line 598: Line 583:
!'''Strong singular'''
!'''Strong singular'''
!'''Strong plural / Weak'''
!'''Strong plural / Weak'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Strong singular'''
!'''Strong plurale / Weak'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
|go
!go
|go (!)
|go (!)
|good
|good
|-
!ivel
|iwel
|ivele
|iwele
|bad
|bad
|-
|-
|glå
!glå
|glå (!)
|glå (!)
|happy
|happy
|-
!sari
|sari
|sari (!)
|sari (!)
|sad
|sad
|-
|-
|skjå
!hjå
|skjå (!)
|hjå (!)
|tall / high
|tall / high
|-
!skam
|skam
|skame
|skame
|short
|short
|-
|-
|sken
!sken
|skene
|skene
|beautiful / goodlooking
|beautiful / goodlooking
|-
!unfaur
|unfawer
|unfaure
|unfawre (!)
|ugly
|ugly
|-
|-
|grjat
!grjat
|grjate
|grjate
|big / great
|big / great
|-
!litel
|litel
|lille (!)
|lille (!)
|little / small
|little / small
|-
|-
|gemel
!gemel
|gemle (!)
|gemle (!)
|old
|old
|-
!jong
|jong
|jonge
|jonge
|young
|young
|-
|-
|strong
!strong
|stronge
|stronge
|strong
|strong
|-
!wåk
|wåk
|wåke
|wåke
|weak
|weak
|-
|-
|håt
!håt
|håte
|håte
|hot
|hot
|-
!call
|call
|calle
|calle
|cold
|cold
|-
|-
|joker
!joker
|jokre (!)
|jokre (!)
|terrible
|terrible
|-
!njå
|njå
|njå (!)
|njå (!)
|near / close
|near / close
|-
|-
|wjor
!vjor
|wjorre
|vjorre
|far / distant
|far / distant
!moj
|moje
|tired
|}
|}


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* ''Se lille katt'' - The little cat.
* ''Se lille katt'' - The little cat.


===Comparative===
====Comparative====


The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-ar' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-er'). The second term of comparation is introduced by ''als'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:
The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-ar' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-er'). The second term of comparation is introduced by ''als'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:
Line 697: Line 679:
* ''An blosne lass sken als an trjo'' - A flower less beautiful than a tree.  
* ''An blosne lass sken als an trjo'' - A flower less beautiful than a tree.  


====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====
=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====


Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:  
Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:  


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Strong comparative'''
!'''Weak comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Strong comparative'''
!'''Strong comparative'''
!'''Weak comparative'''
!'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|-
|go
!go
|beter
|beter
|betre
|betre
|-
!ivel
|iwel
|wyrs
|wyrs
|wyrse
|wyrse
|-
|-
|litel
!litel
|småler
|småler
|smålre
|smålre
|-
!grjat
|grjat
|gryter
|gryter
|grytre
|grytre
|-
|-
|gemel
!gemel
|eller
|eller
|elre
|elre
|-
!jong
|jong
|ynger
|ynger
|yngre
|yngre
|-
|-
|skjå
!hjå
|skyr
|hyr
|skyrre
|hyrre
|-
!strong
|strong
|strenger
|strenger
|strengre
|strengre
|-
|-
|njå
!njå
|nyr
|nyr
|nyrre
|nyrre
|-
!vjor
|wjor
|vyr
|wyr
|vyrre
|wyrre
|}
|}


Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:
Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:


* ''Tů jart skyr als y (jom)'' - You are taller than I (am).
* ''Tů jart hyr als y (jom)'' - You are taller than I (am).


===Superlative===
====Superlative====


The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:
The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:


* ''Se skenaste blosne i tem werl'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.
* ''Se skenaste blosne i tem worull'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.


====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====
=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====


The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:
The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:
Line 765: Line 745:
!'''Strong superlative'''
!'''Strong superlative'''
!'''Weak superlative'''
!'''Weak superlative'''
|-
!'''Positive'''
|go
!'''Strong superlative'''
!'''Weak superlative'''
|-
!go
|best
|best
|beste
|beste
|-
!ivel
|iwel
|wyst
|wyst
|wyste
|wyste
|-
|-
|litel
!litel
|smålst
|smålst
|smålste
|smålste
|-
!grjat
|grjat
|gryst
|gryst
|gryste
|gryste
|-
|-
|gemel
!gemel
|ellest
|ellest
|elste
|elste
|-
!jong
|jong
|yngst
|yngst
|yngste
|yngste
|-
|-
|skjå
!hjå
|skyst
|hyst
|skyste
|hyste
|-
!strong
|strong
|strengst
|strengst
|strengste
|strengste
|-
|-
|njå
!njå
|nyrst
|nyrst
|nyrste
|nyrste
|-
!vjor
|wjor
|vyrst
|wyrst
|vyrste
|wyrste
|}
|}


===Numerals===
====Numerals====


Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:
Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
|-
|0
!0
|naut
|naut
| -
| -
|-
!1
|1
|ån
|ån
|wirst
|virst
|-
|-
|2
!2
|twejn
|twejn
|twejd
|twejd
|-
!3
|3
|try
|try
|trid
|trid
|-
|-
|4
!4
|wjor
|vjor
|wjort
|vjort
!5
|vy
|vift
|-
|-
|5
!6
|wy
|wift
|-
|6
|sys
|sys
|syst
|syst
|-
!7
|7
|sjoun
|sjoun
|sjount
|sjount
|-
|-
|8
!8
|jåt
|jåt
|jåtet
|jåtet
|-
!9
|9
|nejn
|nejn
|nejnt
|nejnt
|-
|-
|10
!10
|ten
|ten
|tent
|tent
|-
!11
|11
|elljoun
|elljoun
|elljount
|elljount
|-
|-
|12
!12
|twelf
|twelf
|twelft
|twelft
|-
!13
|13
|trjotin
|trjotin
|trjotint
|trjotint
|-
|-
|14
!14
|wjortin
|vjortin
|wjortint
|vjortint
!15
|viftin
|viftint
|-
|-
|15
!16
|wiftin
|wiftint
|-
|16
|systin
|systin
|systint
|systint
|-
!17
|17
|sjountin
|sjountin
|sjountint
|sjountint
|-
|-
|18
!18
|jåttin
|jåttin
|jåttint
|jåttint
|-
!19
|19
|nejntin
|nejntin
|nejntint
|nejntint
|-
|-
|20
!20
|twejnti
|twejnti
|twejntit
|twejntit
|-
!21
|21
|twejnti-ån
|twejnti-ån
|twejnti-wirst
|twejnti-virst
|-
|-
|22
!22
|twejnti-twejn
|twejnti-twejn
|twejnti-twejnt
|twejnti-twejnt
|-
!30
|30
|tryti
|tryti
|trytit
|trytit
|-
|-
|40
!31
|wjorti
|tryti-ån
|wjortit
|tryti-virst
|-
!40
|50
|vjorti
|wifti
|vjortit
|wiftit
|-
|-
|60
!50
|vifti
|viftit
!60
|systi
|systi
|systit
|systit
|-
|-
|70
!70
|sjounti
|sjounti
|sjountit
|sjountit
|-
!80
|80
|jåtti
|jåtti
|jåttit
|jåttit
|-
|-
|90
!90
|nejnti
|nejnti
|nejntit
|nejntit
|-
!100
|100
|hůdre
|hůdre
|hůdret
|hůdret
|}
|}


Units are written linked to the tens with a hyphen, while tens and hundreds are written detached, ex.: 195 ''hůdre nejnti-wy''.
Units are written linked to the tens with a hyphen, while tens and hundreds are written detached, ex.: 195 ''hůdre nejnti-vy''.


From 100 on, numerals are formed with a suffix '-od': 200 ''twåod'', 300 ''tryod'', 400 ''wjorod'', 500 ''wyod'', 600 ''sysod'', 700 ''sjounod'', 800 ''jåtod'', 900 ''nejnod''. This form is the evolution of a former juxtaposition, ex.: ''try hůd > tryod''.
From 100 on, numerals are formed with a suffix '-od': 200 ''twåod'', 300 ''tryod'', 400 ''vjorod'', 500 ''vyod'', 600 ''sysod'', 700 ''sjounod'', 800 ''jåtod'', 900 ''nejnod''. This form is the evolution of a former juxtaposition, ex.: ''try hůd > tryod''.


Please note that the numeral 200 is irregular, because an alternative form of 2, that is ''twå'', is used. Also the form for hundred in compounds is irregular: ''hůd'', this form is quite archaic nowadays.
Please note that the numeral 200 is irregular, because an alternative form of 2, that is ''twå'', is used. Also the form for hundred in compounds is irregular: ''hůd'', this form is quite archaic nowadays.
Line 949: Line 918:
The ordinals of the numbers from 200 to 900 are obtained by substituting the final '-d' for '-t', ex.: 200 ''twåod'' > 200th ''twåot''.
The ordinals of the numbers from 200 to 900 are obtained by substituting the final '-d' for '-t', ex.: 200 ''twåod'' > 200th ''twåot''.


A thousand is said ''tusenn'' and its ordinal form is ''tusent''. The numbers from 1000 on are expressed with a hypen, ex.: 2000 ''twejn-tůsenn'', 5000 ''wy-tůsenn'', 9000 ''nejn-tůsenn'' and so on.
A thousand is said ''tusenn'' and its ordinal form is ''tusent''. The numbers from 1000 on are expressed with a hypen, ex.: 2000 ''twejn-tůsenn'', 5000 ''vy-tůsenn'', 9000 ''nejn-tůsenn'' and so on.


The word for a million is ''miklenn'' (< O.E. ''miclung'', "greatness" × Ti. ''tůsenn'') and it behaves as ''tůsenn''.
The word for a million is ''miklenn'' (< O.E. ''miclung'', "greatness" × Ti. ''tůsenn'') and it behaves as ''tůsenn''.
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A thousand million is ''an tůsenn miklenn''. A billion (in the sense of a million million) is ''biklenn'', from the French "bi- + million", that has been substituted for "bi- + miklenn".
A thousand million is ''an tůsenn miklenn''. A billion (in the sense of a million million) is ''biklenn'', from the French "bi- + million", that has been substituted for "bi- + miklenn".


==Pronouns and kinds of adjectives==
===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===


===Personal pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====


In Tjoc personal pronouns inflect according the four cases that have been seen for the definite article: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', ''dative'' and ''genitive''.
In Tjoc personal pronouns inflect according the four cases that have been seen for the definite article: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', ''dative'' and ''genitive''.
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|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|mek
|colspan="2"|mec
|colspan="2"|ůs
|colspan="2"|ůs
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|tek
|colspan="2"|tec
|colspan="2"|jou
|colspan="2"|jou
|-
|-
Line 1,017: Line 986:
|he
|he
|skjo [ʃu:]
|skjo [ʃu:]
|het
|het / hen
|hy
|hy
|-
|-
Line 1,023: Line 992:
|hin
|hin
|hir
|hir
|het
|het / hen
|hy
|hy
|-
|-
Line 1,029: Line 998:
|him
|him
|hir
|hir
|him
|him / him
|hem
|hem
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|his
|skjos [ʃu:s]
|hirs
|his
|his / his
|heras
|heras
|}
|}
Line 1,048: Line 1,017:
* ''Jef het tem frjåstre'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Jef het tem frjåstre'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Jef hir se hůnn'' - Give her the dog.
* ''Jef hir se hůnn'' - Give her the dog.
In Tjoc the pronouns ''he'' and ''skjo'' are used only for living beings who are sexually male and female respectively, to talk about objects of neuter gender it is used the pronoun '''het''', whereas to talk about objects of common gender it is used the pronoun '''hen'''. The latter is used also to refer to a living being, such as an animal, whose physical gender doesn't matter.


Tjoc has also preserved two ancient 2nd person pronouns which indicate a couple, they are the '''dual pronouns''' ''wit'' and ''jit'', respectively ''we two'' and ''you two''. Even if they are quite old, they are still very used:
Tjoc has also preserved two ancient 2nd person pronouns which indicate a couple, they are the '''dual pronouns''' ''wit'' and ''jit'', respectively ''we two'' and ''you two''. Even if they are quite old, they are still very used:
Line 1,076: Line 1,047:
It is to be said that in the West zone of Angelkinn also the forms ''ůnk''/''ynk'' and ''ůnker''/''ynker'' are found, probably due to a contamination with the plural pronoun ''we'' (acc. ''ůs''/gen. ''ůr'') and to a generalisation of the long vowel.
It is to be said that in the West zone of Angelkinn also the forms ''ůnk''/''ynk'' and ''ůnker''/''ynker'' are found, probably due to a contamination with the plural pronoun ''we'' (acc. ''ůs''/gen. ''ůr'') and to a generalisation of the long vowel.


===Demonstratives===
====Demonstratives====


Demonstratives are formed with the three place adverbs ''her'' (here, "near to the speaker"), ''ter'' (there, but in Tjoc meaning "near to the listener") and ''jon'' (yon, but in Tjoc meaning "far from both speaker and listener"). These pronouns match perfectly the three persons:
Demonstratives are formed with the three place adverbs ''her'' (here, "near to the speaker"), ''ter'' (there, but in Tjoc meaning "near to the listener") and ''jon'' (yon, but in Tjoc meaning "far from both speaker and listener"). These pronouns match perfectly the three persons:
Line 1,136: Line 1,107:
* ''Y gå tat hůs jonner'' means "I go to that house over there" without using ''to'' (= to).  
* ''Y gå tat hůs jonner'' means "I go to that house over there" without using ''to'' (= to).  


But it is true that these three sentences show a particularly refined language, colloquially speaking, these sentences become respectively:
But it is true that these three sentences show a particularly refined language. Colloquially speaking, these sentences become respectively:


* ''Y jom i tem hůs her'';
* ''Y jom i tem hůs her'';
Line 1,144: Line 1,115:
People tend not to inflect demonstratives (nor place adverbs).
People tend not to inflect demonstratives (nor place adverbs).


===Possessives===
====Possessives====


Possessives are the same when they're used as both adjectives and pronouns and, while possessive adjectives don't need article before, possessive pronouns need it:
Possessives are the same when they're used as both adjectives and pronouns and, while possessive adjectives don't need article before, possessive pronouns need it:
Line 1,198: Line 1,169:
* ''Ůr djor > Tat ůr'' - Our animal > Ours;
* ''Ůr djor > Tat ůr'' - Our animal > Ours;
* ''Jower frjond > Se jower'' - Your friend > Yours;
* ''Jower frjond > Se jower'' - Your friend > Yours;
* ''Heras skjort > Tat heras'' - Their heart > Theirs.  
* ''Heras hjort > Tat heras'' - Their heart > Theirs.  


Plural forms:
Plural forms:
Line 1,208: Line 1,179:
* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;
* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;
* ''Jowre frynd > Te jowre'' - Your friends > Yours;
* ''Jowre frynd > Te jowre'' - Your friends > Yours;
* ''Heras skjort > Te heras'' - Their hearts > Theirs.
* ''Heras hjort > Te heras'' - Their hearts > Theirs.


===Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'===
====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====


Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:
Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:
Line 1,246: Line 1,217:
* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''Se jon is se wyf hwan y frjowe'' - That there is the woman whom I love.
* ''Se jon is se wyf hwan y frjove'' - That there is the woman whom I love.


Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:
Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:
Line 1,252: Line 1,223:
* ''Hwy haftů iskån se metning ter?'' - Why have you made that painting?
* ''Hwy haftů iskån se metning ter?'' - Why have you made that painting?


===Indefinites===
====Indefinites====


Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:
Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:
Line 1,295: Line 1,266:
* ''Knaut skjo hwan elles?'' - Does she know someone else?
* ''Knaut skjo hwan elles?'' - Does she know someone else?


==Adverbs==
===Adverbs===


Usually adverbs in Tjoc are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-i'' is added. Some examples:
Usually adverbs in Tjoc are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-i'' is added. Some examples:
Line 1,307: Line 1,278:
When an adjective ends with a vowel, than the adverbial ending ''-i'' isn't added. In some adjectives this suffix causes a mutation of the root vowel.
When an adjective ends with a vowel, than the adverbial ending ''-i'' isn't added. In some adjectives this suffix causes a mutation of the root vowel.


Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''go > jarwe''; ''iwel > lyter''.
Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''go > jarwe''; ''ivel > lyter''.


Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules:
Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules:
Line 1,315: Line 1,286:
2) adverbs can be positioned between auxiliary verbs and the taken verbs.
2) adverbs can be positioned between auxiliary verbs and the taken verbs.


===Place adverbs===
====Place adverbs====


As it has been seen in the chapter about demonstratives, some place adverbs - ''her'', ''ter'' and ''jon'' - inflect to indicate a state, a movement towards or a movement from. Also the adverb ''hwer'', "where", inflects:
As it has been seen in the chapter about demonstratives, some place adverbs - ''her'', ''ter'' and ''jon'' - inflect to indicate a state, a movement towards or a movement from. Also the adverb ''hwer'', "where", inflects:
Line 1,359: Line 1,330:
Other place adverbs are: ''ålhwer'', "somewhere", and ''nålhwer'', "nowhere".
Other place adverbs are: ''ålhwer'', "somewhere", and ''nålhwer'', "nowhere".


===Time adverbs===
====Time adverbs====


The adverb ''hwonne'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:
The adverb ''hwonne'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:
Line 1,365: Line 1,336:
* ''nů'' - now;
* ''nů'' - now;
* ''tann'' - then;
* ''tann'' - then;
* ''iworn'' - before;
* ''ivorn'' - before;
* ''eften'' - after;
* ''eften'' - after;
* ''ålhwon'' - some times;
* ''ålhwon'' - some times;
* ''injaklic'' - usually;
* ''injakli'' - usually;
* ''jaltyd'' - always;
* ''jaltyd'' - always;
* ''åfre'' - ever;
* ''åfre'' - ever;
Line 1,379: Line 1,350:
* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice;
* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice;
* ''try > trynes'' - thrice;
* ''try > trynes'' - thrice;
* ''wjor > wjornes'' - four times;
* ''vjor > vjornes'' - four times;
* ''wy > wifnes'' (!) - five times;
* ''vy > vifnes'' (!) - five times;
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  


Expressions such as "Eight times a week" are translated as ''Jåtnes an wuke''.
Expressions such as "Eight times a week" are translated as ''Jåtnes an wuke''.


===Manner adverbs===
====Manner adverbs====


Manner adverbs are created from adjectives with the suffix ''-lic''. The interrogative and relative manner adverb is ''hů'', "how". Some times manner adverbs inflect and have a higher degree comparative and a superlative, ex.:
Manner adverbs are created from adjectives with the suffix ''-i''. The interrogative and relative manner adverb is ''hů'', "how". Some times manner adverbs inflect and have a higher degree comparative and a superlative, ex.:


* ''glåjlic - glåjlicar - glåjlicast'' (happily - happilier - happiliest);
* ''glå - glår - glåst'' (happily - happilier - happiliest);
* ''strenglic - strenglicar - strenglicast'' (strongly - stronglier - strongliest).  
* ''strengi - strengir - strenglist'' (strongly - stronglier - strongliest).  


Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form:
Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form:
Line 1,399: Line 1,370:
* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  
* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  


Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel sken'' - You are very beautiful.
Both ''gryti'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryti'' / ''micel sken'' - You are very beautiful.


==Verbs==
===Verbs===


The verb in Tjoc has got six moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, infinitive and participle; various tenses, such as present, past, future, and aspects represented by "tenses" such as present perfect, past perfect and future perfect.
The verb in Tjoc has got six moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, infinitive and participle; various tenses, such as present, past, future, and aspects represented by "tenses" such as present perfect, past perfect and future perfect.
Line 1,409: Line 1,380:
Verbs always follow the subject, because Tjoc is a SVO language, that is the subject precedes the verb and the verb precedes the object. In questions or in special constructions, the verb can precede the subject though, and the order becomes VSO.  
Verbs always follow the subject, because Tjoc is a SVO language, that is the subject precedes the verb and the verb precedes the object. In questions or in special constructions, the verb can precede the subject though, and the order becomes VSO.  


===Present indicative===
====Present indicative====


The present of regular verbs is formed with the suffixes ''-e'' for the 1st person singular, ''-(e)t'' for the 2nd and the 3rd persons singular, and ''-a'' for the three plural persons. To avoid confusion, the subject is always expressed.
The present of regular verbs is formed with the suffixes ''-e'' for the 1st person singular, ''-(e)t'' for the 2nd and the 3rd persons singular, and ''-a'' for the three plural persons. To avoid confusion, the subject is always expressed.
Line 1,454: Line 1,425:
Please note that when the verb precedes the 2nd person singular, the pronouns merges with the verb, ex.: ''ljornt tů'' > ''ljorntů''; ''went tů'' > ''wentů'', and so on.
Please note that when the verb precedes the 2nd person singular, the pronouns merges with the verb, ex.: ''ljornt tů'' > ''ljorntů''; ''went tů'' > ''wentů'', and so on.


====Present indicative of irregular verbs====
=====Present indicative of irregular verbs=====


Some verbs are totally irregular, other partially: the most irregular verb of all is ''bjo'', "to be":
Some verbs are totally irregular, other partially: the most irregular verb of all is ''bjo'', "to be":
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If one observes the conjugation of the verb ''lyrne'', he will see that in the 2nd and the 3rd person singular the root undergoes a vowel change: ''-y-'' becomes ''-jo-''. This irregularity is found in all the so called '''-je verbs''', that is verbs that had in Anglo-Saxon a conjugation with ''-i-'' in some endings and without it in others (such as the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of present indicative). This ''-i-'' has disappeared in the endings, but, before, has changed the root vowel; not all the vowels undergo this change though: only ''o'' and ''u'' / ''ů'' undergo this change and become respectively ''e'' and ''i'' / ''y'', the diphthong ''jo'' becomes ''y'' instead.
If one observes the conjugation of the verb ''lyrne'', he will see that in the 2nd and the 3rd person singular the root undergoes a vowel change: ''-y-'' becomes ''-jo-''. This irregularity is found in all the so called '''-je verbs''', that is verbs that had in Anglo-Saxon a conjugation with ''-i-'' in some endings and without it in others (such as the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of present indicative). This ''-i-'' has disappeared in the endings, but, before, has changed the root vowel; not all the vowels undergo this change though: only ''o'' and ''u'' / ''ů'' undergo this change and become respectively ''e'' and ''i'' / ''y'', the diphthong ''jo'' becomes ''y'' instead.


Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''behewe'', "to be necessary", and ''kinne'', "to experience":
Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''beheve'', "to be necessary", and ''kinne'', "to experience":


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Behewe'''
!'''Beheve'''
!'''Kinne'''
!'''Kinne'''
|-
|-
!'''y'''
!'''y'''
|lyrne
|lyrne
|behewe
|beheve
|kinne
|kinne
|-
|-
Line 1,507: Line 1,478:
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|lyrna
|lyrna
|behewa
|beheva
|kinna
|kinna
|}
|}
Line 1,524: Line 1,495:
|l'''y'''rne
|l'''y'''rne
!behōf'''i'''an
!behōf'''i'''an
|beh'''e'''we
|beh'''e'''ve
!cunn'''i'''an
!cunn'''i'''an
|k'''i'''nne
|k'''i'''nne
Line 1,538: Line 1,509:
|l'''y'''rna
|l'''y'''rna
!behōf'''i'''aþ
!behōf'''i'''aþ
|beh'''e'''wa
|beh'''e'''va
!cunn'''i'''aþ
!cunn'''i'''aþ
|k'''i'''nna
|k'''i'''nna
Line 1,602: Line 1,573:
The form ''såt'' for ''sagt'' is mostly found in the spoken language.
The form ''såt'' for ''sagt'' is mostly found in the spoken language.


''Do'' and ''skå'' both mean "to do", but they are different just like to do and to make in English. The verb ''skå'' means "to create material things", it is used in such expressions as: ''skå tat bed'', "to make the bed", ''skå an klåwje'', "to make a sandwich", but also ''skå se såmwys'', "to act dumb". ''Do'' refers to a mental or immaterial activity, such as ''do an enhwil'', "to do a research", ''do an skrůting'', "to do an exam", but also ''do an minid'', "to make a gesture".
''Do'' and ''skå'' both mean "to do", but they are different just like to do and to make in English. The verb ''skå'' means "to create material things", it is used in such expressions as: ''skå tat bed'', "to make the bed", ''skå an klåvje'', "to make a sandwich", but also ''skå se såmwys'', "to act dumb". ''Do'' refers to a mental or immaterial activity, such as ''do an enhwil'', "to do a research", ''do an skrůting'', "to do an exam", but also ''do an minid'', "to make a gesture".


Other specialized verbs are:
Other specialized verbs are:
Line 1,608: Line 1,579:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Åwe'''
!'''Åve'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Mawe'''
!'''Mave'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Mote'''
!'''Mote'''
Line 1,632: Line 1,603:
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|åwon
|åvon
|hå
|hå
|willa
|willa
|mawon
|mavon
|kunnon
|kunnon
|moton
|moton
|}
|}


Both ''åwe'' and ''hå'' mean "to have", but the former is used to mean "to owe" and indicates a rather material possession, even if it can be used also to indicate an immaterial possession, such as feelings, ideas, and so forth. Moreover ''åwe'' cannot ever be used as auxiliary verb. ''Hå'' indicates an immaterial possession, but it is not compulsory and it can indicate also a material possession, such as things, animals, etc. The greatest difference between ''åwe'' and ''hå'' is that the latter is the only one that can function as auxiliary.
Both ''åve'' and ''hå'' mean "to have", but the former is used to mean "to owe" and indicates a rather material possession, even if it can be used also to indicate an immaterial possession, such as feelings, ideas, and so forth. ''Hå'' indicates an immaterial possession, but it is not compulsory and it can indicate also a material possession, such as things, animals, etc. The greatest difference between ''åve'' and ''hå'' is that the latter is the only one that can function as auxiliary.


''Wille'' and ''mawe'' both have the meaning of "to want, to desire", but the former is more peremptory in his meaning and has a nuance of pretension. ''Mawe'' is closer to the English to wish and is considered more polite. Note the expressions ''y will tek'', "I love you, I hanker after you" (it has a carnal nuance) and ''y mag tek'', "I like you, I heart you".
''Wille'' and ''mave'' both have the meaning of "to want, to desire", but the former is more peremptory in his meaning and has a nuance of pretension. ''Mave'' is closer to the English to wish and is considered more polite. Note the expressions ''y will tec'', "I love you, I hanker after you" (it has a carnal nuance) and ''y mag tec'', "I like you, I heart you".


''Kunne'' and ''mote'' are quite differentiated, because the former means "can, to be able to do something", and the latter means "to be allowed to do something, to have the permission to do something".
''Kunne'' and ''mote'' are quite differentiated, because the former means "can, to be able to do something", and the latter means "to be allowed to do something, to have the permission to do something".


Two very important specialized verbs are ''gå'' and ''ware''. They both mean "to go", but the first is used when the act of going is done on foot; ''ware'' is used when the act of going is done by a mean of transport, such as bike, car, train, and so forth.
Two very important specialized verbs are ''gå'' and ''vare''. They both mean "to go", but the first is used when the act of going is done on foot; ''vare'' is used when the act of going is done by a mean of transport, such as bike, car, train, and so forth.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Ware'''
!'''Vare'''
|-
|-
!'''y'''
!'''y'''
|gå
|gå
|ware
|vare
|-
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|gåt
|gåt
|wert
|vert
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|gå
|gå
|wara
|vara
|}
|}


Ex.:
Ex.:


* ''Y gå to se lerstof by wet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Y gå to se lerstof by vet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Tů wert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.
* ''Tů vert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.


===Past indicative===
====Past indicative====


This tense is used to talk about events that happened in the past and that are considered as totally concluded and irrelated to the present. Generally it is used with time adverbs that indicate this irrelation, such as ''jestrendag'', "yesterday", ''se late wuke'' / ''monat'' / ''jår'', "the last week / month / year", ''het skaft an wuke'' / ''monat'' / ''jår'', "a week / month / year ago", and so on.
This tense is used to talk about events that happened in the past and that are considered as totally concluded and irrelated to the present. Generally it is used with time adverbs that indicate this irrelation, such as ''jestrendag'', "yesterday", ''se late wuke'' / ''monat'' / ''jår'', "the last week / month / year", ''het skaft an wuke'' / ''monat'' / ''jår'', "a week / month / year ago", and so on.
Line 1,698: Line 1,669:
* Y brejte (= I change) > Y brejtte (= I changed).
* Y brejte (= I change) > Y brejtte (= I changed).


====Past indicative of irregular verbs====
=====Past indicative of irregular verbs=====


The verb ''bjo'' has got an irregular past:
The verb ''bjo'' has got an irregular past:
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As for the present, the "-je verbs" show a modified vowel root in this tense. While in the present indicative only the 2nd and the 3rd singular person show this change, in the past indicative all the verbal voices show this mutation.
As for the present, the "-je verbs" show a modified vowel root in this tense. While in the present indicative only the 2nd and the 3rd singular person show this change, in the past indicative all the verbal voices show this mutation.


Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''behewe'' and ''kinne'':
Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''beheve'' and ''kinne'':


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Behewe'''
!'''Beheve'''
!'''Kinne'''
!'''Kinne'''
|-
|-
Line 1,770: Line 1,741:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Åwe'''
!'''Åve'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Mawe'''
!'''Mave'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Mote'''
!'''Mote'''
Line 1,797: Line 1,768:
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Ware'''
!'''Vare'''
|-
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|jode
|jode
|wor
|vor
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|jodon
|jodon
|woron
|voron
|}
|}


Line 1,857: Line 1,828:


* ''I: byte - byt - båt - biton'' (to bite - you bite - I bit - we bit);
* ''I: byte - byt - båt - biton'' (to bite - you bite - I bit - we bit);
* ''II: bjowe - byt - bjåg - buwon'' (to bid - you bid - I bade - we bade);
* ''II: bjove - byt - bjåg - buvon'' (to bid - you bid - I bade - we bade);
* ''V: jewe - jeft - jaf - jåwon'' (to give - you give - I gave - we gave);
* ''V: jeve - jeft - jaf - jåvon'' (to give - you give - I gave - we gave);
* ''VI: ware - wert - wor - woron'' (to go - you go - I went - we went);
* ''VI: vare - vert - vor - voron'' (to go - you go - I went - we went);
* ''VII: låte - låt - let - leton'' (to let - you let - I let - we let).  
* ''VII: låte - låt - let - leton'' (to let - you let - I let - we let).  


Line 1,926: Line 1,897:
* ''drinke - drinkt - dronk - drunkon'' (to drink - you drink - I drank - we drank).
* ''drinke - drinkt - dronk - drunkon'' (to drink - you drink - I drank - we drank).


===The "w-verbs"===
====The "w-verbs"====


As it has been seen, the 1st person singular of the past indicative of the verb ''bjowe'' is ''y bjåg'' (and NOT **''y bjåf''), whereas the same person of the same tense of the verb ''jewe'' is ''y jaf'' (and NOT **''y jag'').
As it has been seen, the 1st person singular of the past indicative of the verb ''bjove'' is ''y bjåg'' (and NOT **''y bjåf''), whereas the same person of the same tense of the verb ''jeve'' is ''y jaf'' (and NOT **''y jag'').
This is the particularity of the so called "w-verbs", that is verbs whose roots ends in '-w' in the infinitive form. If that 'w' will turn into an 'f' or into a 'g' depends on the verb itself. This particularity is found not only in the past tense, but also in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present tense.
This is the particularity of the so called "v-verbs", that is verbs whose roots ends in '-v' in the infinitive form. If that 'v' will turn into an 'f' or into a 'g' depends on the verb itself. This particularity is found not only in the past tense, but also in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present tense.
The following example shows the present of the verbs ''bjowe'', ''jewe'' and ''sywe'', "to fall down, to descend":
The following example shows the present of the verbs ''bjove'', ''jeve'' and ''syve'', "to fall down, to descend":


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjowe'''
!'''Bjove'''
!'''Jewe'''
!'''Jeve'''
!'''Sywe'''
!'''Syve'''
|-
|-
!'''y'''
!'''y'''
|bjowe
|bjove
|jewe
|jeve
|sywe
|syve
|-
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
Line 1,949: Line 1,920:
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|bjowa
|bjova
|jewa
|jeva
|sywa
|syva
|}
|}


These verbs show different mutations of 'w': it can disappear (''bjowe''), it can be replaced with 'f' (''jewe'') or it can be replaced with 'g' (''sywe''). The answer to these phenomenon is once again the Old English:
These verbs show different mutations of 'v': it can disappear (''bjove''), it can be replaced with 'f' (''jeve'') or it can be replaced with 'g' (''syve''). The answer to these phenomenon is once again the Old English:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 1,965: Line 1,936:
|-
|-
!'''bēode'''
!'''bēode'''
|bjowe
|bjove
!'''giefe'''
!'''giefe'''
|jewe
|jeve
!'''sīge'''
!'''sīge'''
|sywe
|syve
|-
|-
!'''bīett'''
!'''bīett'''
Line 1,979: Line 1,950:
|-
|-
!'''bēodaþ'''
!'''bēodaþ'''
|bjowa
|bjova
!'''giefaþ'''
!'''giefaþ'''
|jewa
|jeva
!'''sīgaþ'''
!'''sīgaþ'''
|sywa
|syva
|}
|}


As it has been shown, three letters - 'd', 'f', and 'g' - merged into Toc 'w' in intervocalic position, when the conjugation of the verb change this parameter, the letters evolve differently: the 'd' disappears in front of '-t' of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular; the 'f' remains 'f', and the 'g' remains 'g'.
As it has been shown, three letters - 'd', 'f', and 'g' - merged into Toc 'v' in intervocalic position, when the conjugation of the verb change this parameter, the letters evolve differently: the 'd' disappears in front of '-t' of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular; the 'f' remains 'f', and the 'g' remains 'g'.
Things change again in the past tense:  
Things change again in the past tense:  


Line 2,005: Line 1,976:
|-
|-
!'''budon'''
!'''budon'''
|buwon
|buvon
!'''gēafon'''
!'''gēafon'''
|jåwon
|jåvon
!'''sigon'''
!'''sigon'''
|siwon
|sivon
|}
|}


While the change 'w' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'w' > 'd' and 'w' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'w' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.
While the change 'v' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'v' > 'd' and 'v' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'v' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.


===Present perfect and participle II===
====Present perfect and participle II====


To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''skjowe'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se monat her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.
To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''hjoe'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se monat her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.


The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjo'' or ''hå'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjo'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''wjasse'', to grow up, ''skjorwe'', to die, ''wjorte'', to become, ''brejte'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''hå'' is used with other verbs instead.
The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjo'' or ''hå'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjo'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''vjasse'', to grow up, ''skjorwe'', to die, ''wjorte'', to become, ''brejte'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''hå'' is used with other verbs instead.


Here is the present perfect of the verbs ''bjo'', ''lyrne'', ''wenne'' and ''lyce'':
Here is the present perfect of the verbs ''bjo'', ''lyrne'', ''wenne'' and ''lyce'':
Line 2,069: Line 2,040:
* ''Se beknåwene mann'' - The known man.
* ''Se beknåwene mann'' - The known man.


====Participle II of irregular verbs====
=====Participle II of irregular verbs=====


The irregular verbs form the participle II with the circumfix ''i--(e)n'' - as we have just seen for the verb ''bjo'' - and undergo a root vowel change. This vowel is almost always different than the one of the past indicative. Once again it can be distinguished among seven classes. Here is a table with the vowel of the infinitive, that of the 2nd / 3rd person singular of present tense, those of the first past form and the second past form, and that of the participle II:
The irregular verbs form the participle II with the circumfix ''i--(e)n'' - as we have just seen for the verb ''bjo'' - and undergo a root vowel change. This vowel is almost always different than the one of the past indicative. Once again it can be distinguished among seven classes. Here is a table with the vowel of the infinitive, that of the 2nd / 3rd person singular of present tense, those of the first past form and the second past form, and that of the participle II:
Line 2,143: Line 2,114:
|-
|-
!'''II'''
!'''II'''
|bjowe
|bjove
|byt  
|byt  
|bjåg
|bjåg
|buwon
|buvon
|ibowen
|iboven
|-
|-
!'''V'''
!'''V'''
|jewe
|jeve
|jeft
|jeft
|jaf
|jaf
|jåwon
|jåvon
|ijewen
|ijeven
|-
|-
!'''VI'''
!'''VI'''
|ware
|vare
|wert
|vert
|wor
|vor
|woron
|voron
|iwarn
|ivarn
|-
|-
!'''VII'''
!'''VII'''
Line 2,171: Line 2,142:
|}
|}


Please note that the verbs ''byte'' and ''bjowe'' have got the same 2nd person singular form in the present of indicative (''byt'').
Please note that the verbs ''byte'' and ''bjove'' have got the same 2nd person singular form in the present of indicative (''byt'').


The IV class has got two different options:
The IV class has got two different options:
Line 2,239: Line 2,210:


* ''wjorte - wyrt - wjart - wurron - iworren'';
* ''wjorte - wyrt - wjart - wurron - iworren'';
* ''helpe - hilpt - skjalp (!) - hulpon - iholpen'';
* ''helpe - hilpt - hjalp - hulpon - iholpen'';
* ''drinke - drinkt - dronk - drunkon - idrunken''.
* ''drinke - drinkt - dronk - drunkon - idrunken''.


===Some paradigms===
====Some paradigms====


Here are some paradigms of very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:
Here are some paradigms of very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:
Line 2,287: Line 2,258:
|''to go''
|''to go''
|-
|-
|ware
|vare
|wert
|vert
|wor
|vor
|woron
|voron
|iwarn
|ivarn
|bjo
|bjo
|''to go''
|''to go''
|-
|-
|frjowe
|frjove
|frjot
|frjot
|frjode
|frjode
Line 2,306: Line 2,277:
|set
|set
|sjå
|sjå
|såwon
|såvon
|isewen
|iseven
|hå
|hå
|''to see''
|''to see''
|-
|-
|lege
|lege
|lekt
|legt
|lekte
|legde
|lekton
|legdon
|ilegen
|ilegen
|bjo
|bjo
Line 2,391: Line 2,362:
|''must; to have to''
|''must; to have to''
|-
|-
|skjorwe
|skjorve
|skyrft
|skyrft
|skjarf
|skjarf
|skjurwon
|skjurvon
|iskjorwen
|iskjorven
|bjo
|bjo
|''to die''
|''to die''
Line 2,402: Line 2,373:
|skaft
|skaft
|skof
|skof
|skowon
|skovon
|iskån
|iskån
|hå
|hå
Line 2,415: Line 2,386:
|''to eat''
|''to eat''
|-
|-
|mawe
|mave
|mag
|mag
|myte
|myte
|myton
|myton
|imawen
|imaven
|hå
|hå
|''to wish''
|''to wish''
|}
|}


===Participle I===
====Participle I====


The participle I corresponds to the present participle. This form, that is often represented with the -ing form in today English, indicates a subject that does usually the action expressed by the verb or that is doing this action just now. Often with this tense the "agentive" is expressed, so, for example, the English "singer" corresponds to both ''singer'' and ''singend'', but the latter is more spread, because the former is considered archaic.
The participle I corresponds to the present participle. This form, that is often represented with the -ing form in today English, indicates a subject that does usually the action expressed by the verb or that is doing this action just now. Often with this tense the "agentive" is expressed, so, for example, the English "singer" corresponds to both ''singer'' and ''singend'', but the latter is more spread, because the former is considered archaic.
Line 2,451: Line 2,422:
|goer
|goer
|-
|-
|ware
|vare
|warend
|varend
|goer
|goer
|-
|-
|frjowe
|frjove
|frjowend
|frjovend
|lover, one who loves
|lover, one who loves
|-
|-
Line 2,504: Line 2,475:
|}
|}


Some verbs had an older and archaic participle that has become a noun, and these verbs have developed later a regular form for the participle, ex.: ''frjowe'' > ''frjond'' (friend); ''frjowend'' (lover, participle).
Some verbs had an older and archaic participle that has become a noun, and these verbs have developed later a regular form for the participle, ex.: ''frjove'' > ''frjond'' (friend); ''frjovend'' (lover, participle).
There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''wjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''wjowe'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatje''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lie'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally".
There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''vjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''vjove'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatje''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lie'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally".
Participles can add ''-es'' or zero suffix to form the plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' can add the suffix ''-es'' or change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''/''es''; ''sjond'' > ''sjondes''/''synd''.
Participles have usually a zero suffix plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''; ''sjond'' > ''synd''.


===Preterite-present verbs===
====Preterite-present verbs====


Some irregular verbs, such as ''wyte'', belong to the group of the so called "preterite-present verbs": these verbs inflect in the present like they would have to to express past tense, still having a present meaning.
Some irregular verbs, such as ''wyte'', belong to the group of the so called "preterite-present verbs": these verbs inflect in the present like they would have to to express past tense, still having a present meaning.
Line 2,516: Line 2,487:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Duwe''' (to succeed)
!'''Duve''' (to succeed)
!'''Mune''' (to remember)
!'''Mune''' (to remember)
!'''Turwe''' (to need)
!'''Turve''' (to need)
!'''Skule''' (must)
!'''Skule''' (must)
!'''Durre''' (to dare)
!'''Durre''' (to dare)
Line 2,530: Line 2,501:
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|duwon
|duvon
|munon
|munon
|turwon
|turvon
|skolon
|skolon
|durron
|durron
Line 2,546: Line 2,517:
!'''5th voice'''
!'''5th voice'''
|-
|-
|duwe
|duve
|djåg
|djåg
|dote
|dote
|doton
|doton
|iduwen
|iduven
|-
|-
|mune
|mune
Line 2,558: Line 2,529:
|imunen
|imunen
|-
|-
|turwe
|turve
|tjarf
|tjarf
|torfte
|torfte
|torfton
|torfton
|iturwen
|iturven
|-
|-
|skule
|skule
Line 2,579: Line 2,550:
The auxiliary of the preterite-present verbs is always ''hå''.
The auxiliary of the preterite-present verbs is always ''hå''.


===Future===
====Future====


In Tjoc the future is a perifrastic form that is obtained with the present of the verb ''skule'' and the infinitive of the verb:
In Tjoc the future is a perifrastic form that is obtained with the present of the verb ''skule'' and the infinitive of the verb:
Line 2,603: Line 2,574:
|}
|}


The future of the verb ''skule'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skule + bjo injewed to + infinitive'', ex.:
The future of the verb ''skule'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skule + bjo injeved to + infinitive'', ex.:


* ''Tů skal injewed to do het'' - You will have to do it.
* ''Tů skal injeved to do het'' - You will have to do it.


Very often this construction is avoided and ''skule'' is simply used in its present tense:
Very often this construction is avoided and ''skule'' is simply used in its present tense:
Line 2,615: Line 2,586:
* ''Skaltů do het!'' - Do it! (Yes, you will do it!).
* ''Skaltů do het!'' - Do it! (Yes, you will do it!).


===Past perfect and future perfect===
====Past perfect and future perfect====


If the same construction of the present perfect is used with the auxiliary inflected to past or future, then two new tenses are formed: the past perfect and the future perfect. The former is used to talk about past happenings that ended before another past happening; the latter is used to talk about future happenings that will end before another future happening, ex.:
If the same construction of the present perfect is used with the auxiliary inflected to past or future, then two new tenses are formed: the past perfect and the future perfect. The former is used to talk about past happenings that ended before another past happening; the latter is used to talk about future happenings that will end before another future happening, ex.:


* ''Y hafte ieten ond y ůtjode'' - I had eaten and [then] I went out;
* ''Y hafte ieten ond y jode ůt'' - I had eaten and [then] I went out;
* ''Hwonne tů skal onhipe, y skal hå ijonded'' - As you'll return, I will have finished.
* ''Hwonne tů skal onhipe, y skal hå ijonded'' - As you'll return, I will have finished.


===Present subjunctive===
====Present subjunctive====


The present subjunctive is regularly used in Tjoc. Even if this tense is present, it is used to report words said by others or ideas and quotations that aren't of the one who speaks, not only if the principal verb is in the present, but also if the principal verb is in the past.
The present subjunctive is regularly used in Tjoc. Even if this tense is present, it is used to report words said by others or ideas and quotations that aren't of the one who speaks, not only if the principal verb is in the present, but also if the principal verb is in the past.
Line 2,651: Line 2,622:
It has already been said that the present subjunctive is used to report words said by others, even if this words were said in the past, ex.:
It has already been said that the present subjunctive is used to report words said by others, even if this words were said in the past, ex.:


* He says that Mary loves him - ''He hwet (at) Mary frjowe hin.''
* He says that Mary loves him - ''He hwet (at) Mary frjove hin.''
* He said that Mary loved him - ''He hwat (at) Mary frjowe hin.''  
* He said that Mary loved him - ''He hwat (at) Mary frjove hin.''  


Irregular verbs have got a regular present subjunctive, except for the irregular verbs with a root vowel ''u'': in this case the ''u'' becomes ''i'':
Irregular verbs have got a regular present subjunctive, except for the irregular verbs with a root vowel ''u'': in this case the ''u'' becomes ''i'':
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|}
|}


===Past subjunctive===
====Past subjunctive====


The past tense of subjunctive is used also to quote words, ideas, and so forth, but only if the verb of the subordinate is not in the same tense of the principal verb, and exactly if the action of the verb of the subordinate has happened before of the action expressed by the principal verb, ex.:
The past tense of subjunctive is used also to quote words, ideas, and so forth, but only if the verb of the subordinate is not in the same tense of the principal verb, and exactly if the action of the verb of the subordinate has happened before of the action expressed by the principal verb, ex.:
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The form of the past subjunctive is the same of three persons plural of the past indicative, the singular forms are identical, the plural forms add an ''-n''.
The form of the past subjunctive is the same of three persons plural of the past indicative, the singular forms are identical, the plural forms add an ''-n''.


===Imperative and exhortation form===
====Imperative and exhortation form====


The imperative mood has got only the present tense and the 2nd person (both singular and plural), the other persons use the present subjunctive forms instead.
The imperative mood has got only the present tense and the 2nd person (both singular and plural), the other persons use the present subjunctive forms instead.
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!'''Do'''
!'''Do'''
!'''Skå'''
!'''Skå'''
!'''Åwe'''
!'''Åve'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Mawe'''
!'''Mave'''
|-
|-
!'''tů'''
!'''tů'''
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!'''Kunne'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Mote'''
!'''Mote'''
!'''Duwe'''
!'''Duve'''
!'''Mune'''
!'''Mune'''
!'''Turwe'''
!'''Turve'''
!'''Skule'''
!'''Skule'''
!'''Durre'''
!'''Durre'''
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In this case the future is used with the inversion of verb and subject.
In this case the future is used with the inversion of verb and subject.
To be more polite it can be used the construction of the verb ''skule'' or of the verb ''turwe''. Usually this pattern is used with the 2nd person plural to underline the politeness, but it is often used with the 2nd person singular too:
To be more polite it can be used the construction of the verb ''skule'' or of the verb ''turve''. Usually this pattern is used with the 2nd person plural to underline the politeness, but it is often used with the 2nd person singular too:


* ''Tů skal do het.'' / ''Tů tjarf do het.'' - You have to do it. / You need to do it.
* ''Tů skal do het.'' / ''Tů tjarf do het.'' - You have to do it. / You need to do it.
* ''Je skolon do het.'' / ''Je turwon do het.'' - You should do it.  
* ''Je skolon do het.'' / ''Je turvon do het.'' - You should do it.  


The use of the future of indicative and of the present of subjunctive with the other persons are called exhortation form. Some examples with other persons:
The use of the future of indicative and of the present of subjunctive with the other persons are called exhortation form. Some examples with other persons:


* ''Gå we to se lerstof.'' - Let's go to the school.  
* ''Gå we to se lerstof.'' - Let's go to the school.  
* ''Ete skjo an klåwje.'' - She eat a sandwich.  
* ''Ete skjo an klåvje.'' - She eat a sandwich.  


In both these constructions the verb precedes the subject.
In both these constructions the verb precedes the subject.


===Conditional===
====Conditional====


Even the conditional uses a perifrastic form in Tjoc, it is obtained with the past of the verb ''skule'' and the infinitive of the verb:
Even the conditional uses a perifrastic form in Tjoc, it is obtained with the past of the verb ''skule'' and the infinitive of the verb:
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|}
|}


The conditional of the verb ''skule'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skule + bjo injewed to + infinitive'', ex.:
The conditional of the verb ''skule'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skule + bjo injeved to + infinitive'', ex.:


* ''Tů skolle injewed to do het'' - You should do it.
* ''Tů skolle injeved to do het'' - You should do it.


To give a suggestion this construction can be avoided and substituted for ''skule + infinitive'', in this case the verb precedes the subject:
To give a suggestion this construction can be avoided and substituted for ''skule + infinitive'', in this case the verb precedes the subject:
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* ''Skollon je do het!'' - You (pl.) should do it!
* ''Skollon je do het!'' - You (pl.) should do it!


=Greetings=
==Greetings==


Here are the main greetings:
Here are the main greetings:


* '''Hejl's''' - ''Hello'', it's informal;
* '''Hejl's''' - ''Hello'', it's informal;
* '''Go symt''' / '''Warjarw''' - ''Goodbye'', the former is used in formal speech, the latter in informal relations;
* '''Go symt''' / '''Varjarv''' - ''Goodbye'', the former is used in formal speech, the latter in informal relations;
* '''Go merjen''' - ''Good morning'', it's used more or less till 10 a.m.;
* '''Go merjen''' - ''Good morning'', it's used more or less till 10 a.m.;
* '''Go dag''' - ''Good morning'', it's used between 10 a.m. and 02 p.m.;
* '''Go dag''' - ''Good morning'', it's used between 10 a.m. and 02 p.m.;
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* '''Go nyt''' - ''Good night'', it's used after 10 p.m. or in the evening to say goodbye.
* '''Go nyt''' - ''Good night'', it's used after 10 p.m. or in the evening to say goodbye.


=Calendar and holidays=
==Calendar and holidays==


Angelkinn is a pagan country, that has developed a synchretic religion with Celtic and Anglo-Saxon elements, even if the Celtic elements are prominent.
Angelkinn is a pagan country, that has developed a synchretic religion with Celtic and Anglo-Saxon elements, even if the Celtic elements are prominent.
Line 2,873: Line 2,844:
|29 Nov. - 26 Dec.  
|29 Nov. - 26 Dec.  
|-
|-
|''Snåwmond''
|''Snågmond''
|27 Dec. - 23 Jan.
|27 Dec. - 23 Jan.
|-
|-
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|18 Apr. - 15 May
|18 Apr. - 15 May
|-
|-
|''Håwmond''
|''Hågmond''
|16 May - 12 Jun.
|16 May - 12 Jun.
|-
|-
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|13 Jun. - 10 Jul.
|13 Jun. - 10 Jul.
|-
|-
|''Skjemond''
|''Hjemond''
|11 Jul. - 07 Aug.
|11 Jul. - 07 Aug.
|-
|-
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|05 Sep. - 02 Oct.
|05 Sep. - 02 Oct.
|-
|-
|''Winterwild''
|''Wintervild''
|03 Oct. - 31 Oct.
|03 Oct. - 31 Oct.
|}
|}


''Winterwild'' is the only month that has got 29 days and, when the year is an '''oerjår''' (= leap year), it receives one day more.
''Wintervild'' is the only month that has got 29 days and, when the year is an '''oerjår''' (= leap year), it receives one day more.
The year is divided into two '''jårtyd''' (= seasons) - '''Winter''', winter, and '''Sumor''', summer. In the past '''Herfst''' (= autumn) and '''Lent''' (= spring) were considered to be the half of the true season, whose name could indicate both the entire season and the first half of it:
The year is divided into two '''jårtyd''' (= seasons) - '''Winter''', winter, and '''Sumor''', summer. In the past '''Herfst''' (= autumn) and '''Lent''' (= spring) were considered to be the half of the true season, whose name could indicate both the entire season and the first half of it:


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Nowadays it is commoner and commoner to consider the year as divided into four seasons with the same relevance.
Nowadays it is commoner and commoner to consider the year as divided into four seasons with the same relevance.


Even the ''wuke'', the week of Tjoc calendar, contains seven days. The nouns of these days are, obviously, different than those of our week. The Tjoch ''wuke'' begins with ''Monsdag'', Monday:
Even the ''wuke'', the week of Tjoc calendar, contains seven days. The nouns of these days are, obviously, different than those of our week. The Tjoc ''wuke'' begins with ''Monsdag'', Monday:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|''Tyfsdag''
|''Tyfsdag''
|Tuesday
|Tuesday
|Day of '''Tyw''' (god of war)
|Day of '''Tyv''' (god of war)
|-
|-
|''Wojnsdag''
|''Wojnsdag''
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|Day of '''Tůr''' (god of thunder)
|Day of '''Tůr''' (god of thunder)
|-
|-
|''Frjosdag''
|''Frysdag''
|Friday
|Friday
|Day of '''Fryo''' (goddess of love and sex)
|Day of '''Fryo''' (goddess of love and sex)
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In Tjoc calendar there are ten important holidays, that come from the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon pagan festivals (the main ones are in bold):
In Tjoc calendar there are ten important holidays, that come from the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon pagan festivals (the main ones are in bold):


* '''1st Blommond - Winteråwilm''' (or '''Jåranginn''') = Winter begin / New Year's day (1st winter festival);
* '''1st Blommond - Winteråvilm''' (or '''Jåranginn''') = Winter begin / New Year's day (1st winter festival);
* '''23th''' or '''24th Jola - Wintersoljet''' = Winter solstice (2nd winter festival);
* '''23th''' or '''24th Jola - Wintersoljet''' = Winter solstice (2nd winter festival);
* '''9th Solmond - Lentåwilm''' (or '''Imbell''') = Spring begin (1st spring festival);
* '''9th Solmond - Lentåvilm''' (or '''Imbell''') = Spring begin (1st spring festival);
* '''28th Kremmond''' or '''1st Jormond - Lentsewennyt''' = Spring Equinox (2nd spring festival);
* '''28th Kremmond''' or '''1st Jormond - Lentsevennyt''' = Spring Equinox (2nd spring festival);
* ''13th Trilkmond - Sumoråwilmsåwen'' = Summer begin's eve;
* ''13th Trilkmond - Sumoråvilmsåven'' = Summer begin's eve;
* '''14th Trilkmond - Sumoråwilm''' (or '''Jårskjalw''') = Summer begin (1st summer festival);
* '''14th Trilkmond - Sumoråvilm''' (or '''Jårhjalv''') = Summer begin (1st summer festival);
* '''8th''' or '''9th Lyta - Sumorsoljet''' = Summer solstice (2nd summer festival);
* '''8th''' or '''9th Lyta - Sumorsoljet''' = Summer solstice (2nd summer festival);
* '''22th Skjemond - Herfståwilm''' (or '''Wojenskelldag''') = Autumn begin (1st autumn festival);
* '''22th Hjemond - Herfståvilm''' (or '''Wojenskelldag''') = Autumn begin (1st autumn festival);
* '''18th''' or '''19th Hålimond - Herfstsewennyt''' = Autumn Equinox (2nd autumn festival);
* '''18th''' or '''19th Hålimond - Herfstsevennyt''' = Autumn Equinox (2nd autumn festival);
* ''29th'' or ''30th Winterwild - Winteråwilmsåwen'' (or ''Jårjondning'') = New Year's eve.
* ''29th'' or ''30th Wintervild - Winteråvilmsåven'' (or ''Jårjondning'') = New Year's eve.


==Samples==
One of the most famous festive song in Tjoc, is '''O håli nyt''', that corresponds to the English ''Oh holy night''. The ''Ljoskjare af Angelkinn'', however, is a pagan country, as it has been written, so the lyrics of the song don't talk about Jesus, but about '''Wintersoljet'''.
{|
|
|-
|
: ''O håli nyt,''
: ''Te skjor skyna så hådri:''
: ''Hen is se nyt hwonn’ se Sunne is iborn.''
: ''Lengi svaf tat lond i tem calle Winter,''
: ''Hen kimt se Sunne ond kljoft njon se Jort.''
: ''An hopsem killning gåt tur se moje worull:''
: ''Ur tem dyrkn kimt ut se nywe dag.''
: '''KOR: Singt nů mig glåels'''
: '''O singt ond west jall’n mirje'''
: '''O godsem nyt, o nyt af håli bir'''
: '''O godsem nyt, o nyt, o godsem nyt'''
: ''We wåta ůs i mones sjolvor ljot''
: ''Ond åbyva vor se Sun af Ljot kimt.''
: ''Tů, Måer, hall ůs i Tyn klippning,''
: ''Senn ůs Tyn Birt, hwå kljoft ůre sål’n.''
: ''Se Winter is call, te nyten sinn long ond djork,''
: ''We måtja se Lent, an nyw hådri anginn.''
: '''KOR (x 2)'''
|
: ''Oh holy night,''
: ''The stars shine so brightly:''
: ''It is the night when the Sun is born.''
: ''Long slept the land in the cold winter,''
: ''It comes the Sun and warms again the Earth.''
: ''A thrill of hope goes through the tired world:''
: ''From the darkness comes out the new day.''
: '''CHORUS: Sing now with joy'''
: '''O sing and be all joyful'''
: '''O night divine, o night of holy birth'''
: '''O night divine, o night, o night divine'''
: ''We get wet in the silver light of the moon''
: ''And wait for the Son of Light coming.''
: ''You, Mother, hold us in Your embrace,''
: ''Send us Your Child, who warms our souls.''
: ''The winter is cold, the nights are long and dark,''
: ''We dream the spring, a new bright beginning.''
: '''CHORUS (x 2)'''
|}
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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