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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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Many Dundulanyä particles are grammaticalized usages of other words, some of them no longer being used in their original meaning in contemporary use (e.g. varve).--> | Many Dundulanyä particles are grammaticalized usages of other words, some of them no longer being used in their original meaning in contemporary use (e.g. varve).--> | ||
==== | ====Nominal clitics==== | ||
The following particles are clitics added to the end of nouns; they are all conjunctive particles that do not require any particular case of a noun. They are exclusively used with nouns, pronouns or numerals, not verbs.<br/>Most such clitic particles are added to all nouns they refer to. | The following particles are clitics added to the end of nouns; they are all conjunctive particles that do not require any particular case of a noun. They are exclusively used with nouns, pronouns or numerals, not verbs.<br/>Most such clitic particles are added to all nouns they refer to. | ||
* '''-cu ... -cu''' — and (in incomplete listings - cf. ''-t''), e.g. ''nilāḍa'''cu''' śusopa'''cu''''' "East and West [and the other cardinal points]"; ''yuṅga'''ccu''' śiloma'''ccu''' cyavūh'' "I want a guava, a papaya[, and...]". | * '''-cu ... -cu''' — and (in incomplete listings - cf. ''-t''), e.g. ''nilāḍa'''cu''' śusopa'''cu''''' "East and West [and the other cardinal points]"; ''yuṅga'''ccu''' śiloma'''ccu''' cyavūh'' "I want a guava, a papaya[, and...]". | ||
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* '''-ka ... -ka''' — inclusive or; e.g. ''yuṅga'''ka''' śiloma'''ka''''' "the guava or the papaya [or something else]". | * '''-ka ... -ka''' — inclusive or; e.g. ''yuṅga'''ka''' śiloma'''ka''''' "the guava or the papaya [or something else]". | ||
* '''-t ... -t''' — and (in complete listings - cf. ''-cu''), e.g. ''vyāna'''t''' māhana'''t''''' "left and right"; ''amamū'''t''' mamūtra'''t''' niyāni'''t''''' "mom, aunt, and grandma"; ''yuṅgat'''at''' śilomat'''at''' cyavūh'' "I want [only] a guava and a papaya". | * '''-t ... -t''' — and (in complete listings - cf. ''-cu''), e.g. ''vyāna'''t''' māhana'''t''''' "left and right"; ''amamū'''t''' mamūtra'''t''' niyāni'''t''''' "mom, aunt, and grandma"; ''yuṅgat'''at''' śilomat'''at''' cyavūh'' "I want [only] a guava and a papaya". | ||
====Verbal clitics==== | |||
The following particles are clitics that, unlike the former, are added to the end of verbs, in their last slot. Verbal clitics can also be combined, sometimes forming contractions.<br/>Aside for their usual clitic form, each of these has an emphatic standalone form that is inserted in the Wackernagel position. | |||
* '''-ṅ''' ('''-no''' after consonants; emphatic '''nāṅ''') — and; added after the second verb, e.g. ''śilomat imūnī gilśat nundhūnī'''ṅ''''' "3SG ate a papaya and drank ''gilśa''<ref>A typical Dundulanyä drink similar to Mesoamerican ''tejate''.</ref>". | |||
* '''-ec''' (emphatic: '''cai''') — then, implying consecutivity of two actions, e.g. ''śilomat imūnī gilśat nundhūnīy'''ec''''' "3SG ate a papaya, then drank ''gilśa''". Also combines with ''-no'' to form '''-nāc''' "and then". | |||
* '''-ās''' (emphatic: '''sā''') — but, e.g. ''śilomat iyaṃsūnī up̃ap̃at imūnīy'''ās''''' "3SG wanted to eat a papaya, but ate an ''up̃ap̃a''". | |||
<!--* '''-d''' (emphatic: '''dā''') — also, too, furthermore, e.g. --> | |||
* '''-ś''' (emphatic: '''īśa''') — polar question marker, e.g. ''emeni khorū'''ś'''?'' "Is Emeni singing?/Does Emeni sing?" | |||
====Non-clitic conjunctions==== | ====Non-clitic conjunctions==== | ||