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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Pronouns (śidrāñjiḫi)
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# Also ''īnai'', especially used in poetry; the same stem is therefore found for all other forms (''īnaih, īnumi, īnenī'', etc.). | # Also ''īnai'', especially used in poetry; the same stem is therefore found for all other forms (''īnaih, īnumi, īnenī'', etc.). | ||
# In older Dundulanyä ''amūvītha''. | # In older Dundulanyä ''amūvītha''. | ||
The reflexive pronoun '''śaṃḫe''' is actually a contraction of ''śaniḫe'', meaning "soul" (from √''śan-'' "to breathe); in post-Classical Dundulanyä, the two originally interchangeable forms became specialized, with the contracted form being used as a pronoun and the full one as a noun.<br/>Being a contracted form of a 1st ablaut declension noun, it regularly follows that declension (all the forms where the root is in the zero grade, as well as the singular and plural bound forms, are identical to the declined forms of ''śaniḫe''): | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+''śaṃḫe'' (''śan-iḫ-'') "oneself" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Direct</small> | |||
| '''śaṃḫe''' || '''śaṃḫive''' || '''śāṃḫi''' | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ergative</small> | |||
| śaṃḫē || śaṃḫīyat || śñeḫām | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Accusative</small> | |||
| śaṃḫat || śaṃḫītha || śñeḫaih | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Dative</small> | |||
| śñeḫak || śaṃḫīma || śñaiḫumi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| śñeḫū || śaṃḫeṣu || śñaiḫenī | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Locative</small> | |||
| śñeḫā || rowspan=2 | śaṃḫehe || śñaiḫän | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Essive</small> | |||
| rowspan=2 | śñeḫī || śñaiḫoṭu | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | |||
| śñeḫāl || śñaiḫenīka | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Bound form</small> | |||
| śaniḫ || śaṃḫiv || śāniḫ | |||
|} | |||
====Possessive suffixes==== | ====Possessive suffixes==== | ||
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: ''imut'''rān''' nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "their teacher's bike" | : ''imut'''rān''' nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "their teacher's bike" | ||
: ''buneyev'''bu''' pūnuḍu'''hin''''' "my two older sisters' jobs" | : ''buneyev'''bu''' pūnuḍu'''hin''''' "my two older sisters' jobs" | ||
====Lists of pronouns==== | |||
The following words include the personal pronouns as well as words used as pronoun equivalents, not actually distinguishable from the personal pronouns listed above, except for the fact that the latter do not have any clear reconstructed etymology and are generally only used as pronouns. Most of them are also markedly feminine or masculine. | |||
=====First person pronouns===== | |||
* '''yuna''' is the most neutral first person singular pronoun, however its neutrality makes it less preferable to other pronouns (especially in informal contexts, or formal contexts with legal difference in status) in oral speech, while it is the predominant one in written language. It is often used (reciprocally) in business settings, as well as (one-sidedly) by public officials. | |||
* one's given name is informally used as a pronoun; however, as the situations one would use one's own given name pronominally are generally only among friends and family, it is not the given name itself but a hypocoristic form that is used as such. | |||
* '''śaṃḫe''' (originally '''śaniḫe''' "soul", see above), literally meaning "[my]self", is used informally as a first person singular pronoun, and can be perceived as moderately rude when not used among close friends. | |||
* '''midū''' is a neutral or semi-formal pronoun generally used by males only; originally meant "servant" in a language of late classical Śubhāla, but does not carry much of a self-deprecating meaning in contemporary Dundulanyä, being instead perceived as rude in formal situations where there is a legal difference in status (as with public officials or judges). It can be used - and, indeed, usually is - by school pupils talking to their teacher and by PhD students talking to their professors (in written form, they generally refer to themselves as ''yuna''), but is perceived as rude when used by other universitary students towards professors (in both oral and written form). It is also acceptable, and often used (especially in Jūhma) by sons towards their mothers and older female members of the family. | |||
* '''bāna''' (originally meaning "side") is mostly a female equivalent of ''midū'', however, it is generally considered slightly higher, being also used in most (but not all) contexts with a legal status difference - with most public officials, but not judges - or by students towards processors, where a male would be perceived rude using ''midū''. | |||
* '''nai''' (most likely a vṛddhi derivation from the root √''ne-'' "to say") is a nearly exclusively feminine pronoun used in formal contexts by women when talking to men. The same word is also sometimes found as a second-person pronoun reciprocally used by men towards women, although most commonly with honorifics (see below). | |||
* '''nämona''' is a pronoun which has different connotations depending on whether it is used by women or men. As a feminine pronoun, it is quite informal and especially used by adolescent girls and older women with close friends, as an alternative to the hypocoristic given name. As a masculine pronoun, it is quite formal, having more or less the same formality as ''midū'', but used more often with strangers. | |||
* '''cañśe''' is a nearly universally masculine first person pronoun which is broadly a male equivalent of ''nämona'': it is used informally by adolescent kids and by older males in informal settings with very close (generally also male) friends, generally alternating with the hypocoristic given name; it is also quite often used by sons when speaking to older male members of the family. In Northern Lusaṃrīte and some of the outlying islands, as well as parts of the inland Śusopai (Western Lusaṃrīte), it is also used by females. | |||
=====Second person pronouns===== | |||
* '''nai''' (used as a feminine first person pronoun) is used as a second person pronoun in the reverse context, in formal speech by men addressing women. Most commonly it is used in the honorific form '''svo nai''' or '''svo''' + given name + '''nai'''. | |||
====Correlatives==== | ====Correlatives==== | ||