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Attian: Difference between revisions
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====Instrumental==== | ====Instrumental==== | ||
=====Instrumental proper===== | |||
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | ||
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<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| ''We go by boat'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''Let happiness make you glad!'' - Attian saying. | ||
|} | |} | ||
On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. | =====Inanimate subjective instrumental===== | ||
On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. | |||
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''''{{red|vanev}}'' ittimann''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''vanun tutinn''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| '''yatva | | colspan="5"|'''yatva vanum titann''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa | | colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-ev</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>ittim</small> | ||
|<small>-ann</small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-un</small> | ||
|<small>tuti</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
| Line 1,722: | Line 1,728: | ||
|<small>yat</small> | |<small>yat</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-um</small> | ||
|<small>tita</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl.}} | ||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn. | | -{{sc|n.pl.agt}} | ||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.pl}} | |||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}} | |||
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}} | |hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
| Line 1,739: | Line 1,748: | ||
! | ! | ||
|someone | |someone/{{sc|m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|m.agt}} | | -{{sc|m.agt}} | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}} | |||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | |hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
| Line 1,747: | Line 1,757: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''*Stones hit me'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''I am hit with stones'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Comitative instrumental===== | |||
The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking: | The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=====Animate subjective instrumental===== | |||
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns: | The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns: | ||
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself» | *''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself» | ||