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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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This is the most common type of noun class in Gutish as well as in most Germanic languages. As such, it is also the most varied in terms of declension. | This is the most common type of noun class in Gutish as well as in most Germanic languages. As such, it is also the most varied in terms of declension. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" width=900 | ||
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl. !!width=100| | !width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl. !!width=100| | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIb: Voicing/Spirantization Merging (“n.st.m.da”)''' | |||
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|align="center"| au'''daz''' ||align="center"| au'''dis''' ||align="center"| au'''dai''' ||align="center"| au'''dą''' ||align="center"| au'''dōz''' ||align="center"| au'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| au'''damaz''' ||align="center"| au'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fortune''’ | |align="center"| au'''daz''' ||align="center"| au'''dis''' ||align="center"| au'''dai''' ||align="center"| au'''dą''' ||align="center"| au'''dōz''' ||align="center"| au'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| au'''damaz''' ||align="center"| au'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fortune''’ | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIc: Voicing/Spirantization Merging (“n.st.m.za”)''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="center"| gai'''zaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zis''' ||align="center"| gai'''zai''' ||align="center"| gai'''zą''' ||align="center"| gai'''zōz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| gai'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''spear''’ | |||
|- | |||
|align="center"| gai'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gai'''zis''' ||align="center"| gai'''za''' ||align="center"| gai'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gai'''zōs''' ||align="center"| gai'''zē''' ||align="center"| gai'''zam''' ||align="center"| gai'''zans''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>nas''' | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above, with an extra twist. For roots ending in ‹ž›, it is devoiced to ‹s› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹ž› remains in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. In addition to the devoicing in the nominative and accusative, the nominative ending ‹s› is deleted or assimilated.</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVa: Post-Approximant Spirantization (“n.st.m.rba”)''' | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVa: Post-Approximant Spirantization (“n.st.m.rba”)''' | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>Like the above, this deals with nouns ending in ‹b›, which spirantizes to ‹v› in most declensions, but it is prevented from devoicing to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative by a consonant before it. This is a rule inhereited from Gothic. Metathesis in the dative and accusative plural is also blocked. This occurs for stems ending in ‹rb›, ‹rd›, ‹lb›, and ‹ld›.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>Like the above, this deals with nouns ending in ‹b›, which spirantizes to ‹v› in most declensions, but it is prevented from devoicing to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative by a consonant before it. This is a rule inhereited from Gothic. Metathesis in the dative and accusative plural is also blocked. This occurs for stems ending in ‹rb›, ‹rd›, ‹lb›, and ‹ld›.</small> | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVb: Post-Approximant Spirantization (“n.st.m.rda”)''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| bar'''daz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dis''' ||align="center"| bar'''dai''' ||align="center"| bar'''dą''' ||align="center"| bar'''dōz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| bar'''damaz''' ||align="center"| bar'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''beard''’ | |align="center"| bar'''daz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dis''' ||align="center"| bar'''dai''' ||align="center"| bar'''dą''' ||align="center"| bar'''dōz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| bar'''damaz''' ||align="center"| bar'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''beard''’ | ||
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| align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' | | align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>This is the same idea as the | |colspan=8| <small>This is the same idea as the “rda” declension above, with the additional twist that Gothic ‹ds›, when word-final, palatalizes and becomes ‹ǧ›. There is also spirantization in the other declensions except for the accusative singular, which retains the original ‹d›, and metathesis is blocked in the dative and accusative plural.</small> | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVc: Post-Approximant Spirantization (“n.st.m.rza”)''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="center"| am'''zaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zis''' ||align="center"| am'''zai''' ||align="center"| am'''zą''' ||align="center"| am'''zōz''' ||align="center"| am'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| am'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''shoulder''’ | |||
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|align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''zis''' ||align="center"| am'''za''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''zōs''' ||align="center"| am'''zē''' ||align="center"| am'''zam''' ||align="center"| am'''zans''' | |||
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|align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">am</span> ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=8| <small>This paradigm differs from the version above in that a consonant occurring before a voiced fricative (‹ž›) has the affect of blocking metathesis in the dative and accusative plural (in red).</small> | |||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Va: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing (“n.st.m.rfa”)''' | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Va: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing (“n.st.m.rfa”)''' | ||
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|align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' | |align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' | ||
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|colspan=8| <small> | |colspan=8| <small>Scary name, but it’s really just the same as the above, but for nouns ending in ‹f›.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan= | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Vb: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing (“n.st.m.rþa”)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| da'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| dag'''is''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag ||align="center"| dag'''as''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag'''ma''' ||align="center"| dag'''nas''' || ‘''day''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''palatalization of g in the nom sg'' || | |colspan=8| ''palatalization of g in the nom sg'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| wer'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| wer'''is''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer ||align="center"| wer'''as''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer'''ma''' ||align="center"| wer'''nas''' || ‘''man''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' || | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| wap'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps ||align="center"| waps'''as''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps'''ma''' ||align="center"| waps'''nas''' || ‘''wasp''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''s is dropped/assimilated from the nominative.'' || | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped/assimilated from the nominative.'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| fiš'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| fiš'''is''' ||align="center"| fiš'''a''' ||align="center"| fiš ||align="center"| fiš'''as''' ||align="center"| fiš'''a''' ||align="center"| fiš'''ma''' ||align="center"| fiš'''nas''' || ‘''fish''’ | |||
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|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' || | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| ast'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast ||align="center"| ast'''as''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast'''ma''' ||align="center"| ast'''nas''' || ‘''branch''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' || | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' || | ||
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|align="center"| worm'''s''' ||align="center"| worm'''is''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm ||align="center"| worm'''as''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| worm'''nas''' || ‘''worm''’ | |||
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|colspan=8| ''no metathesis in dat pl only'' || | |colspan=8| ''no metathesis in dat pl only'' || | ||
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|align="center"| ǭn'''s''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''is''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn ||align="center"| ǭn'''as''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''oven''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''no metathesis in acc pl only'' || | |colspan=8| ''no metathesis in acc pl only'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| lam'''<span style="color:red">_</span>s''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| lam'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| lamb'''as''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| lamb'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| lamb'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''lamb''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''b is lost in nom and acc sg'' || | |colspan=8| ''b is lost in nom and acc sg'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| frīn'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''is''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''a''' ||align="center"| frīnd ||align="center"| frīnd'''as''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''a''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''friend''’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''palatalization of d in the nom; no metathesis in pl'' || | |colspan=8| ''palatalization of d in the nom; no metathesis in pl'' || | ||