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Laceyiam: Difference between revisions
→Nouns - Dayandairai
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Some nouns also have an additional ''vocative'' form, which is however not considered a case by itself, only a special form of the direct. | Some nouns also have an additional ''vocative'' form, which is however not considered a case by itself, only a special form of the direct. | ||
Nominal morphology is fusional, but there are some regular patterns that reflect the mostly agglutinative nature of Proto-Cis-Tahianshima noun morphology. There are | Nominal morphology is fusional, but there are some regular patterns that reflect the mostly agglutinative nature of Proto-Cis-Tahianshima noun morphology. There are eight declensions (''paiktairathādai''), each of them having a particular citation form ending, plus a few irregular nouns. Some declensions include regular sub-patterns for certain nouns in some forms. | ||
All nouns also have inherent natural gender, but the Laceyiami gender system does not have morphological marking and is in fact more like a honorific system. | All nouns also have inherent natural gender, but the Laceyiami gender system does not have morphological marking and is in fact more like a honorific system. | ||
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==== The fifth declension (one-stem nasals) ==== | ==== The fifth declension (one-stem nasals) ==== | ||
The fifth declension (''gūṇeṇḍe paiktairathāda'')'' ''includes all nasal nouns (those ending in '''-n '''or '''-m''') | The fifth declension (''gūṇeṇḍe paiktairathāda'')'' ''includes all nasal nouns (those ending in '''-n '''or '''-m'''). The majority of them have a single stem, and follow this pattern: | ||
{| class="article-table" | {| class="article-table" | ||
! | !jāyim (girl) | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Direct | |Direct | ||
|''' | |'''jāyim''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''ai''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Ergative | |Ergative | ||
| | |jāyi'''ṃss''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''ulss''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Accusative | |Accusative | ||
| | |jāyim'''au''' | ||
| | |jāyi'''ṃrau''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Genitive | |Genitive | ||
| | |jāyim'''i''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''ė''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Translative | |Translative | ||
| | |jāyi'''ṃnam''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''arṇam''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Exessive | |Exessive | ||
| | |jāyim'''indra''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''aivāh''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Essive | |Essive | ||
| | |jāyim'''u''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''ariu''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dative | |Dative | ||
| | |jāyim'''að''' | ||
| | |jāyi'''ṃrið''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Ablative | |Ablative | ||
| | |jāyim'''ų''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''ęnie''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Locative | |Locative | ||
| | |jāyim'''ie''' | ||
| | |jāyim'''ilym''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are two differences between nouns ending in '''-m''' and those in '''-n: '''the first one is saṃdhi, that is, '''-n''' nouns have '''-nnam''' in the translative singular (e.g. ''mėngerten ''"morning" > ''mėngertennam''). The other difference is that '''-n''' nouns have ergative plural in '''-alss''' (> ''mėngertenalss'') | There are two differences between nouns ending in '''-m''' and those in '''-n: '''the first one is saṃdhi, that is, '''-n''' nouns have '''-nnam''' in the translative singular (e.g. ''mėngerten ''"morning" > ''mėngertennam''). The other difference is that '''-n''' nouns have ergative plural in '''-alss''' (> ''mėngertenalss'') | ||
==== | ===== Two-stem nasals ===== | ||
A common subpattern of the fifth declension is the one including two-stem nouns: these all have a '''-s''' between the '''-m''' and the ending in all forms except ergative plural and direct, ergative, and translative singular. | |||
Most of these nouns are formed with the derivational suffix '''-ram '''('''-lam '''in some nouns due to dissimilation), often referring to "the process of doing X"; the '''-s''' is a relic from the original PCT form in *-roms. Many nouns, though, have been added to this declension only by analogy: some of the most common ones are ''saṃhāram''''' '''"boy", ''bheiram''''' '''"nest", ''koram''''' '''"autumn/fall" and ''yāram'' "land (especially in many toponyms)". | Most of these nouns are formed with the derivational suffix '''-ram '''('''-lam '''in some nouns due to dissimilation), often referring to "the process of doing X"; the '''-s''' is a relic from the original PCT form in *-roms. Many nouns, though, have been added to this declension only by analogy: some of the most common ones are ''saṃhāram''''' '''"boy", ''bheiram''''' '''"nest", ''koram''''' '''"autumn/fall" and ''yāram'' "land (especially in many toponyms)". | ||
The noun ''sūgnulum ''"blind", while etymologically a | The noun ''sūgnulum ''"blind", while etymologically a two-stem one (< PCT ''*tsu₁ɣ-ŋʷoħūm-s'' "without eye(s)"), is often declined with the main paradigm. | ||
{| class="article-table" | {| class="article-table" | ||
!lillam (life) | !lillam (life) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==== The | ==== The sixth declension (consonant-stem nouns) ==== | ||
The | The sixth declension (''tulūʔende paiktairathāda'') is a common one including basically all ''consonant-stem'' nouns, that is, one of those ending in non-nasal consonants except ''-h''. Possible endings are '''-ð, -t, -ṭ '''and '''-r''', and there are also only five nouns (and their compounds) ending in '''-l: '''''līṭhal ''"seafoam", ''khāngertėl ''(a typical Chlegdarim tandoori oven), ''nūrtāl ''"lake", ''ladragyal ''"inn, restaurant", and ''kambāl ''"thousand". This is also one of the two declensions with a distinct vocative singular form, made by adding '''-e''' to the direct singular. | ||
{| class="article-table" | {| class="article-table" | ||
!bhārmat (lion) | !bhārmat (lion) | ||
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* ''r-stems ''have two different dissimilations: accusative plural has '''-rl-''' instead of *-rr- (e.g. ''leiðir ''"significant other, girlfriend, boyfriend" > ''leiðirlau''), while translative, essive, and dative plural have '''-lar- '''instead of *-rar- (> ''leiðilariu, leiðilarṇam, leiðilarið''). | * ''r-stems ''have two different dissimilations: accusative plural has '''-rl-''' instead of *-rr- (e.g. ''leiðir ''"significant other, girlfriend, boyfriend" > ''leiðirlau''), while translative, essive, and dative plural have '''-lar- '''instead of *-rar- (> ''leiðilariu, leiðilarṇam, leiðilarið''). | ||
* ''l-stems'' have '''-lss '''instead of *-lass in ergative singular (e.g. ''nūrtāl ''"lake" > ''nūrtālss''). | * ''l-stems'' have '''-lss '''instead of *-lass in ergative singular (e.g. ''nūrtāl ''"lake" > ''nūrtālss''). | ||
There is a subset of | There is a subset of sixth declension nouns which do not fit into the above pattern because they have two different stems, one for the direct singular (and vocative) and one (the ''oblique stem'') for all other forms. These nouns are relics of PCT nouns with hysterokinetic stress: | ||
* ''khial ''"finger; small tree branch", oblique stem ''kheld-'' | * ''khial ''"finger; small tree branch", oblique stem ''kheld-'' | ||
* ''lān ''"shoulder", oblique ''ṇod-'' | * ''lān ''"shoulder", oblique ''ṇod-'' | ||
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* ''tið ''"neck", oblique ''śv-'' | * ''tið ''"neck", oblique ''śv-'' | ||
* ''tirva'' "punch", oblique ''ṣruv-'' | * ''tirva'' "punch", oblique ''ṣruv-'' | ||
''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the | ''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the sixth declension. It has a contracted stem ''śvað'' found in singular direct (with vocative ''śvaþe''), accusative, genitive, exessive, essive, and dative (''śvaþið''), and ablative plural. All other forms use an extended stem ''śvatoð'', but´genitive plural is the synchronically irregular ''śvateðė '', and dative plural is attested both in the regular form ''śvatoðarið'' and the irregular ''śvatoþrið''. | ||
Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (without the special rule for plural accusative). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with (here) ''marta ''being the declined word. | Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (without the special rule for plural accusative). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with (here) ''marta ''being the declined word. | ||
==== The | ==== The seventh declension (-h) ==== | ||
The | The seventh declension (''mojende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending in '''-h'''. Word-final ''-h'' is a result of many sound changes, but mostly from PCT *s, so either '''-s''', or /hj/ (the intervocalic reflex of PCT *s) alternate in most forms. Like the sixth declension, seventh-declension nouns have a distinct vocative singular form. | ||
{| class="article-table" | {| class="article-table" | ||
!ńältah ((male's) sister) | !ńältah ((male's) sister) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as | Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as seventh declension in direct, genitive, exessive, essive and locative cases, and as a first declension noun (with stem ''lilėmaiṭą-'') elsewhere; it also lacks a vocative form. | ||
==== The | ==== The eighth declension (-ai) ==== | ||
The | The eighth declension (''teitende paiktairathāda'') includes those nouns ending in '''-ai'''; they come from various sources but only a minority of them is inherited from PCT: most are Nanaklāri or Ancient Lelīmuyāńi borrowings. | ||
{| class="article-table" | {| class="article-table" | ||
!nanai (rainforest, jungle) | !nanai (rainforest, jungle) | ||