7,113
edits
Sharqi: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Stem 1
No edit summary |
(→Stem 1) |
||
| Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Stem 1==== | ====Stem 1==== | ||
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. | Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect. | ||
*''FCL'' is used as the generic verb (with ''qadal'' " | *''FCL'' is used as the generic verb (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | ||
**''F'': first root consonant | **''F'': first root consonant | ||
**''C'': second root consonant | **''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants) | ||
**''L'': third root consonant | **''L'': third root consonant | ||
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics | **(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'') | :e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'') | ||
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics). | ::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics). | ||
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá''). | |||
('''Note:''' The tones in the perfect and imperfect will most likely be removed, but I'm leaving them here for now in case I decide to keep them) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 61: | Line 63: | ||
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''máF(a)CaL''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal''</span></center> | ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''máF(a)CaL''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal''</span></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | | ! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''iqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadálku''</center>|| rowspan=" | | <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''iqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadálku''</center>|| rowspan="8" | <center>'''''FaC(a)Lán'''''</center> || rowspan="8" | <center>''qadlán''</center> || <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCáLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadálka''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCiL'''''</center> || <center>''qídil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center> | | <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCáLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadálka''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCiL'''''</center> || <center>''qídil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center> | ||
| Line 79: | Line 81: | ||
| <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center> | | <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | |||
*If ''F'' is:- | |||
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''iw'' becoming ''uu'' - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad'') | |||
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tiibas'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybas'') | |||
**'/Ø: ''i'' is dropped - e.g. ''yaaman'' "he believes" (from ''*yi(')aaman'') | |||
*If ''C'' is:- | |||
**w (or w + consonant): | |||
***''aw(a)'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan'') | |||
***''wi'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin'') | |||
**y (or y + consonant): | |||
***''ay(a)'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad'') | |||
***''yi'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid'') | |||
*If ''L'' is:- | |||
**y: | |||
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'') | |||
***''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''sillii'' "pray" (from ''*silliy'') | |||
**w: | |||
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad'') | |||
***''iw'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''cufuu'' "pray" (from ''*cifiw'') | |||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||