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Sharqi: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan=" | ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)Li'''''</span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan=" | ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''máF(a)CaL''''' </span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal''</span></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative | ! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Gerundive!! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''iqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadálku''</center>|| rowspan="8" | <center>'''''FaC(a)Lán'''''</center> || rowspan="8" | <center>''qadlán''</center> || <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center> | | <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''iqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadálku''</center>|| rowspan="8" | <center>'''''FaC(a)Lán'''''</center> || rowspan="8" | <center>''qadlán''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLay'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilay''</center>|| <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCáLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadálka''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCiL'''''</center> || <center>''qídil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center> | | <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCáLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadálka''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLag'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilag''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCiL'''''</center> || <center>''qídil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''qádal''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center> | | <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''qádal''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaw'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaw''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lád'''''</center> || <center>''qadlád''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center> | | <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lád'''''</center> || <center>''qadlád''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaa'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaa''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''niqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadálna''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center> | | <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''niqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadálna''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLan'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilan''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdiluú''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkuú'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkuú''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Luu'''''</center> || <center>''qídluu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíLuu'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíluu''</center> | | <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdiluú''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkuú'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkuú''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLkun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilkun''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Luu'''''</center> || <center>''qídluu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíLuu'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíluu''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>3P</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdiluú''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''qadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(i)CiLuu'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdiluu''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLuu'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíluu''</center> | | <center>3P</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdiluú''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''qadluú''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilun''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(i)CiLuu'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdiluu''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLuu'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíluu''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center> | | <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLays'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilays''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | ||
*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''iw'' becoming ''uu'' - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad'') | **w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''iw'' becoming ''uu'' - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad''). | ||
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tiibas'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybas'') | **y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tiibas'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybas''). | ||
**'/Ø: ''i'' is dropped - e.g. ''yaaman'' "he believes" (from ''*yi(')aaman'') | **'/Ø: ''i'' is dropped - e.g. ''yaaman'' "he believes" (from ''*yi(')aaman''). | ||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**w (or w + consonant): | **w (or w + consonant): | ||
***''aw(a)'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan'') | ***''aw(a)'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan''). | ||
***''wi'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin'') | ***''wi'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin''). | ||
**y (or y + consonant): | **y (or y + consonant): | ||
***''ay(a)'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad'') | ***''ay(a)'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad''). | ||
***''yi'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid'') | ***''yi'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid''). | ||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'') | ***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ||
***''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''sillii'' "pray" (from ''*silliy'') | ***''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''sillii'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCiy-'' (''FaCii-'' before a consonant). | |||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad'') | ***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***''iw'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''cufuu'' "pray" (from ''*cifiw'') | ***''iw'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''cufuu'' "pray" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCuw-'' (''FaCuu-'' before a consonant). | ||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku''). | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||