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# The realization of the sequences orthographically marked as '''lk lkh lg lgh''' varies regionally and, therefore, the '''l'''-phoneme can in these contexts be realized as either [ŋ] or [ɴ]. In most local Chlouvānem pronunciations, these sequences are [ŋk(ʰ) ŋɡ(ʱ)] but, in areas including notably Līlasuṃghāṇa, most of the southern Jade Coast, and the South, they are [ɴq(ʰ) ɴɢ(ʱ)]. | # The realization of the sequences orthographically marked as '''lk lkh lg lgh''' varies regionally and, therefore, the '''l'''-phoneme can in these contexts be realized as either [ŋ] or [ɴ]. In most local Chlouvānem pronunciations, these sequences are [ŋk(ʰ) ŋɡ(ʱ)] but, in areas including notably Līlasuṃghāṇa, most of the southern Jade Coast, and the South, they are [ɴq(ʰ) ɴɢ(ʱ)]. | ||
# /ɴ/ contrasts with other nasals only before /d dʱ dʲ dʲʱ/, where it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel. | # /ɴ/ contrasts with other nasals only before /d dʱ dʲ dʲʱ/, where it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel. | ||
# Both allophones are found, in free variation in some pronunciations (e.g. | # Both allophones are found, in free variation in some pronunciations (e.g. Ilēnimarta, Galiākina, Western Plain), as conditional allophones in others (e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa, coastal Jade Coast), while some only use the [f] one (e.g. Cami and most of the Far East). For this reason, the phoneme is usually transcribed /f/. | ||
# /ɦ/ may be realized in various ways, including uvular or velar voiceless fricatives, especially when at the end of a word. | # /ɦ/ may be realized in various ways, including uvular or velar voiceless fricatives, especially when at the end of a word. | ||
# /ʋ/ may be realized as [f] before voiceless consonants; this is <small>NOT</small> reflected orthographically. | # /ʋ/ may be realized as [f] before voiceless consonants; this is <small>NOT</small> reflected orthographically. | ||
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'''f''' is realized as [ɸ] in those few words where it occurs before /p/ (e.g. ''kafpa'' (a sardine-like fish) [ˈkaɸpa]) or word-finally (all interjections, such as ''hųf!'' "phew!" [ɦṳɸ]); in many pronunciations (notably in Yāmbirhālih, Galiākina, and across Lgraṃñælihaikā diocese, and also increasingly found among young speakers in Līlasuṃghāṇa) it is also realized this way before /u uː ṳ/ (e.g. ''maifu'' "enough" [ˈmaɪ̯ɸu]). | '''f''' is realized as [ɸ] in those few words where it occurs before /p/ (e.g. ''kafpa'' (a sardine-like fish) [ˈkaɸpa]) or word-finally (all interjections, such as ''hųf!'' "phew!" [ɦṳɸ]); in many pronunciations (notably in Yāmbirhālih, Galiākina, and across Lgraṃñælihaikā diocese, and also increasingly found among young speakers in Līlasuṃghāṇa) it is also realized this way before /u uː ṳ/ (e.g. ''maifu'' "enough" [ˈmaɪ̯ɸu]). | ||
Not proper of standard Chlouvānem but so widespread it is now by far the most common pronunciation is also the fall of /j/ and /ʋ/ before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [iˈnaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uˈʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and | Not proper of standard Chlouvānem but so widespread it is now by far the most common pronunciation is also the fall of /j/ and /ʋ/ before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [iˈnaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uˈʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and Ilēnimarta.</ref>. This also leads to phonetic hiatuses, like in ''Kāyīchah'' /kaːjiːc͡ɕʰaɦ/ [kaːˈiːc͡ɕʰaɦ] (an insular diocese between Mārṣūtram and Vedren) or the common given name ''Martayinām'' /maʀtajinaːm/ [maɐ̯ta.iˈnaːm].<br/> | ||
Pronouncing /ʀʲ/ as [ʐ] or [ʑ] is also a fairly common thing across the East and Northeast; it is nearly universal among young people and in certain areas (most notably the area of the Padeikoli Gulf, including most of the diocese of Padeikola, coastal areas of Lågnemba, and the northern third of Hachitama) it is the norm, with [ʀʲ] being found only as a gerontolectal feature. The palatalized stops are also often pronounced with a noticeable sibilant release, especially in the eastern part of the Jade Coast among younger speakers. | Pronouncing /ʀʲ/ as [ʐ] or [ʑ] is also a fairly common thing across the East and Northeast; it is nearly universal among young people and in certain areas (most notably the area of the Padeikoli Gulf, including most of the diocese of Padeikola, coastal areas of Lågnemba, and the northern third of Hachitama) it is the norm, with [ʀʲ] being found only as a gerontolectal feature. The palatalized stops are also often pronounced with a noticeable sibilant release, especially in the eastern part of the Jade Coast among younger speakers. | ||
The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and | The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and Ilēnimarta (except gerontolectally) is also known for shifting /g/ to semivowels in coda position - the aforementioned diocese of Lågnemba is pronounced as [ˈɴ̆ɔʊ̯nẽ(m)ba] there; the country of Ênêk-Bazá (''enægbasā'' in Chl.) is [eˌnɛɪ̯baˈsaː]. | ||
There are also lots of regional variations for /ɦ/ at the end of a word, with a particularly common realization being [χ] (as in e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa and Galiākina), like ''lilah'' /ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aɦ/ [ˈɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aχ] (I/(s)he/it/they live(s)). | There are also lots of regional variations for /ɦ/ at the end of a word, with a particularly common realization being [χ] (as in e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa and Galiākina), like ''lilah'' /ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aɦ/ [ˈɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aχ] (I/(s)he/it/they live(s)). | ||
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====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress in Chlouvānem is not phonemic and usually predictable, determined by long vowels and verbal roots: | Stress in Chlouvānem is not phonemic and usually predictable, determined by long vowels and verbal roots: | ||
* The last long vowel in a word is stressed, unless it is word-final ''' | * The last long vowel in a word is stressed, unless it is word-final '''ē'''; | ||
* Verbal roots always carry either the main stress or secondary stress (depending on the previous rule); | * Verbal roots always carry either the main stress or secondary stress (depending on the previous rule); | ||
* In words with no long vowels, the third-to-last syllable is stressed, unless the fourth-to-last is the stressed part of a verbal root; | * In words with no long vowels, the third-to-last syllable is stressed, unless the fourth-to-last is the stressed part of a verbal root; | ||
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* ''upānāraḍa'' "seminary" [upaːˈnaːʀaɖa] | * ''upānāraḍa'' "seminary" [upaːˈnaːʀaɖa] | ||
* ''ñulge'' "to crawl (monodirectional)" [ˈɲuŋge] | * ''ñulge'' "to crawl (monodirectional)" [ˈɲuŋge] | ||
* '' | * ''ñogē'' "(s)he/it crawls" [ˈɲogeː] | ||
* ''ñuganāja'' "we crawled" [ˌɲugaˈnaːɟ͡ʑa] | * ''ñuganāja'' "we crawled" [ˌɲugaˈnaːɟ͡ʑa] | ||
* ''driturkye'' "[I've been told that] (it) was done against you" [ˈdʀʲituˤkje] | * ''driturkye'' "[I've been told that] (it) was done against you" [ˈdʀʲituˤkje] | ||
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* '''ṛ''' → '''ar''' | * '''ṛ''' → '''ar''' | ||
Another, different type of lengthening, is ''synchronic lengthening'', which is a saṃdhi change; it only applies to '''a''', '''i''', '''u''', '''ṛ''', '''æ''', and '''e''', turning them into '''ā''', '''ī''', '''ū''', '''ṝ''', '''ǣ''', and ''' | Another, different type of lengthening, is ''synchronic lengthening'', which is a saṃdhi change; it only applies to '''a''', '''i''', '''u''', '''ṛ''', '''æ''', and '''e''', turning them into '''ā''', '''ī''', '''ū''', '''ṝ''', '''ǣ''', and '''ē''' respectively. | ||
=====Vowel saṃdhi===== | =====Vowel saṃdhi===== | ||
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* oral + breathy-voiced = breathy-voiced (''a'' + ''ą'' → ''ą'') | * oral + breathy-voiced = breathy-voiced (''a'' + ''ą'' → ''ą'') | ||
* breathy-voiced + oral = /VɦV/, written with the breathy-voiced character followed by the oral one (e.g. ''ą'' + ''a'' → ''ąa'') | * breathy-voiced + oral = /VɦV/, written with the breathy-voiced character followed by the oral one (e.g. ''ą'' + ''a'' → ''ąa'') | ||
The only exception to this pattern is the sequence ''' | The only exception to this pattern is the sequence '''ē''' + '''e''' which becomes '''ege'''. | ||
Dissimilar vowels merge in these ways. '''ṛ''' and '''ṝ''' become semivowels wherever needed, and '''i''' and '''u''' become '''y''' and '''v''' before other vowels; '''ī''' and '''ū''' turn to ''iy'' and ''uv'' respectively.<br/>Other changes are: | Dissimilar vowels merge in these ways. '''ṛ''' and '''ṝ''' become semivowels wherever needed, and '''i''' and '''u''' become '''y''' and '''v''' before other vowels; '''ī''' and '''ū''' turn to ''iy'' and ''uv'' respectively.<br/>Other changes are: | ||
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* '''a''': ''a-i'' → '''e''' ; ''a-u'' → '''o''' ; ''a-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''a-o'' → '''au''' | * '''a''': ''a-i'' → '''e''' ; ''a-u'' → '''o''' ; ''a-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''a-o'' → '''au''' | ||
* '''ā''': ''ā-i'' and ''ā-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''ā-u'' and ''ā-o'' → '''au''' | * '''ā''': ''ā-i'' and ''ā-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''ā-u'' and ''ā-o'' → '''au''' | ||
* '''a''' or '''ā''' and a following long vowel (or '''æ''' or '''å''') get an epenthetic '''y''' (before ''ī'', '' | * '''a''' or '''ā''' and a following long vowel (or '''æ''' or '''å''') get an epenthetic '''y''' (before ''ī'', ''ē'', ''æ'') or '''v''' (before ''ū'', ''å''). | ||
* When preceded by ''a'', other diphthongs get a prothetic ''y'' if their first element is front and a prothetic ''v'' if it is back. '''æ''' turns to '''ya'''. | * When preceded by ''a'', other diphthongs get a prothetic ''y'' if their first element is front and a prothetic ''v'' if it is back. '''æ''' turns to '''ya'''. | ||
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''-d(h)n-'' and ''-ḍ(h)ṇ-'' from any origin further assimilate to '''-nn-''' and '''-rṇ-''' respectively. | ''-d(h)n-'' and ''-ḍ(h)ṇ-'' from any origin further assimilate to '''-nn-''' and '''-rṇ-''' respectively. | ||
'''h''', wherever it is followed by a consonant (apart from '''ь'''), disappears, leaving its trace as breathy-voiced phonation on the preceding vowel (e.g. ''maih- | '''h''', wherever it is followed by a consonant (apart from '''ь'''), disappears, leaving its trace as breathy-voiced phonation on the preceding vowel (e.g. ''maih-leilē'' → ''mąileilē''). Vowels change as such: | ||
* '''i''', '''ī''' → '''į''' | * '''i''', '''ī''' → '''į''' | ||
* '''u''', '''ū''' → '''ų''' | * '''u''', '''ū''' → '''ų''' | ||
* '''e''', ''' | * '''e''', '''ē''', '''æ''', '''ǣ''' → '''ę''' | ||
* all other monophthongs, or '''oe''' → '''ą''' | * all other monophthongs, or '''oe''' → '''ą''' | ||
* '''ai''', '''ei''', '''au''' → '''ąi''', '''ęi''', '''ąu''' respectively. | * '''ai''', '''ei''', '''au''' → '''ąi''', '''ęi''', '''ąu''' respectively. | ||