Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions
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! | Labial | ! | Labial | ||
! | Dental | ! | Dental | ||
! | Domed | |||
! | Palatal | ! | Palatal | ||
! | Velar | ! | Velar | ||
! | Uvular | ! | Uvular | ||
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| '''ʒ''' /d͡z/ | | '''ʒ''' /d͡z/ | ||
| '''ʒ́''' /d͡ʐ/ | |||
| '''ǯ''' /d͡ʒ/ | | '''ǯ''' /d͡ʒ/ | ||
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| '''c''' /t͡s/ | | '''c''' /t͡s/ | ||
| '''ć''' /t͡ʂ/ | |||
| '''č''' /t͡ʃ/ | | '''č''' /t͡ʃ/ | ||
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| '''s''' /s/ | | '''s''' /s/ | ||
| '''ś''' /ʂ/ | |||
| '''š''' /ʃ/ | | '''š''' /ʃ/ | ||
| colspan="2" | '''x''' /x/ | | colspan="2" | '''x''' /x/ | ||
| '''h''' /h/ | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
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| '''z''' /z/ | | '''z''' /z/ | ||
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| '''ž''' /ʒ/ | | '''ž''' /ʒ/ | ||
| colspan="2" | '''ɣ''' /ɣ/ | | colspan="2" | '''ɣ''' /ɣ/ | ||
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| '''w''' /w/ | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
| '''l''' /l/ | | '''l''' /l/ | ||
| '''r''' /r/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
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Revision as of 01:51, 3 September 2018
- Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.
Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages
Lakovic | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Geographic distribution | Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide |
Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
Proto-language | Proto-Lakovic |
Subdivisions |
|
The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
Todo
Lakovic should be huge
Urheimat: Talma
Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs
Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar with honorifics
some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic
Phylogeny
Proto-Lakovic
Proto-Lakovic phonology
vaguely Georgian
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||
Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ||||
Affricate | voiced | ʒ /d͡z/ | ʒ́ /d͡ʐ/ | ǯ /d͡ʒ/ | ||||
voiceless | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ʂ/ | č /t͡ʃ/ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | s /s/ | ś /ʂ/ | š /ʃ/ | x /x/ | h /h/ | ||
voiced | z /z/ | ž /ʒ/ | ɣ /ɣ/ | |||||
resonant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ |
Vowels
i u e o ä a
Syllabic ṃ ṇ ḷ ṛ
There is disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.
Phonotactics
Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots
Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)
Proto-Ashanic phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||
Stop | plain | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ||||
Fricative | s /s̻/ | ś /s̺/ | š /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
Affricate | c /ts̻/ | ć /ts̺/ | (č /tʃ/) | ||||
Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ |
Vowels
Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:
i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/
ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice
Phonotactics
Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere; they are the source of final voiced stops in Windermere.
Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.
Stress
Stress was likely on the final syllable.
Proto-Lakovic morphology
Root structure
Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.
Nouns
Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g. *lakof = person; *laklakof = people
There was an honorific clitic =cin. Honorific nouns and verbs became feminine in Ashanic.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.
Pronouns
Ashanic:
- rì = I
- śen (m), śens (f) = you
- in (m), ins (f)
- tsa = we (exc)
- pang = we (inc)
Verbs and adjectives
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic language preserve these inflections to varying levels.
There was an honorific prefix, wa-.
- Ashanic: ⟨paŋ⟩ = destination trigger
- Ashanic: ⟨ìt⟩, PLak: ⟨ixt⟩ = locative trigger
Derivational morphology
- -ś- infix: nominalization
- Breathy voice ablaut in Ashanic
- Ashanic: bì-~bù- = agentive
- Ashanic: hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
- Ashanic: t- = denominal verbs, causative (Wdm. th-)
- Ashanic: u- = intensive
Proto-Lakovic syntax
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Vocabulary
- PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
- PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'
- PLak ḷban
- PAsh àlpon 'water'
- Wdm. blon
- Tseezh oofon, Modern nfon (Source of Eevo foom?)
- Häskä əlfon
- Tsrovesh rbon
- PAsh àlpon 'water'
- PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
- Tsrovesh vmazh
- PAsh dàrmày
- Wdm. trămäy
Numbers
Ashanic
check Æ tone reflexes
- first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
- then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes
Proto-Ashanic | Talman | Bjeheondian | Etalocian | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Windermere | Häskä | Tseezh | Pradjul | Tsăloșian | Wiebian | Schong | Æ | Ferlitian | |
*àdòn "one" | doan | odän | don | thohn | tů | ||||
*ùrat "two" | rath | rat | oozhad | raat | ras | ||||
*tsiw "three" | stiw | ətsəw | txiv | tsiw | tjův | ||||
*mšàk "four" | smech | əmšäk | okhaag | meih | njaai | njærv | |||
*Vmǜc "five" | müets | müc | omøøtx | muhs | vur | ||||
*dak "six" | tach | dak | dag | thak | tars | ||||
*àbòt "seven" | boath | obät | aabood | phoht | pov | ||||
*słeb "eight" | łep | ešəb | xev | schap | læ̊g | ||||
*ʔlòy "nine" | loay | oläy | wooj | loih | løv | ||||
*tap "ten" | thaf | taf | rab | tap | tås | ||||
*suyàw "eleven" | săyew | suyäw | taxaav | sew | søv | ||||
*srük "twelve" | srüch | üsruk | tzhøg | srk | rurs |